CNPE(Certified Cloud Native Platform Engineer) 완벽 가이드 - 시험 범위부터 실전 기술 스택까지

apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Application
metadata:
  name: guestbook
  namespace: argocd
  finalizers:
    - resources-finalizer.argocd.argoproj.io
spec:
  project: default
  source:
    repoURL: https://github.com/argoproj/argocd-example-apps.git
    targetRevision: HEAD
    path: guestbook
  destination:
    server: https://kubernetes.default.svc
    namespace: guestbook
  syncPolicy:
    automated:
      prune: true # Git에서 제거된 리소스 삭제
      selfHeal: true # 수동 변경 자동 복원

apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: ApplicationSet
metadata:
  name: cluster-apps
  namespace: argocd
spec:
  generators:
    - clusters:
        selector:
          matchLabels:
            env: production
  template:
    metadata:
      name: '{{.name}}-my-app'
    spec:
      project: default
      source:
        repoURL: https://github.com/myorg/apps.git
        targetRevision: HEAD
        path: deploy/production
      destination:
        server: '{{.server}}'
        namespace: my-app

apiVersion: kustomize.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1
kind: Kustomization
metadata:
  name: my-app
  namespace: flux-system
spec:
  interval: 10m
  sourceRef:
    kind: GitRepository
    name: my-app
  path: ./deploy/production
  prune: true
  wait: true
  dependsOn:
    - name: cert-manager
    - name: ingress-nginx
  postBuild:
    substitute:
      CLUSTER_NAME: production
      DOMAIN: example.com

apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Rollout
metadata:
  name: my-app
spec:
  replicas: 10
  strategy:
    canary:
      canaryService: my-app-canary
      stableService: my-app-stable
      steps:
        - setWeight: 10
        - pause: { duration: 5m }
        - analysis:
            templates:
              - templateName: success-rate
        - setWeight: 30
        - pause: { duration: 5m }
        - setWeight: 60
        - pause: { duration: 5m }
        - setWeight: 100
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: my-app
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: my-app
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: my-app
          image: myapp:v2

apiVersion: apiextensions.crossplane.io/v2
kind: CompositeResourceDefinition
metadata:
  name: mydatabases.example.org
spec:
  scope: Namespaced
  group: example.org
  names:
    kind: XMyDatabase
    plural: mydatabases
  versions:
    - name: v1alpha1
      served: true
      referenceable: true
      schema:
        openAPIV3Schema:
          type: object
          properties:
            spec:
              type: object
              properties:
                region:
                  type: string
                size:
                  type: string
              required:
                - region
                - size

apiVersion: apiextensions.crossplane.io/v1
kind: Composition
metadata:
  name: example-database
spec:
  compositeTypeRef:
    apiVersion: example.org/v1alpha1
    kind: XMyDatabase
  mode: Pipeline
  pipeline:
    - step: patch-and-transform
      functionRef:
        name: function-patch-and-transform
      input:
        apiVersion: pt.fn.crossplane.io/v1beta1
        kind: Resources
        resources:
          - name: rds-instance
            base:
              apiVersion: rds.aws.m.upbound.io/v1beta1
              kind: Instance
              spec:
                forProvider:
                  region: us-east-2
                  engine: postgres
                  instanceClass: db.t3.micro
            patches:
              - type: FromCompositeFieldPath
                fromFieldPath: spec.region
                toFieldPath: spec.forProvider.region

apiVersion: backstage.io/v1alpha1
kind: Component
metadata:
  name: payment-service
  description: Payment processing microservice
  tags:
    - java
    - spring-boot
spec:
  type: service
  lifecycle: production
  owner: payments-team
  system: payment-platform
  dependsOn:
    - resource:default/payments-db
  providesApis:
    - payment-api

apiVersion: scaffolder.backstage.io/v1beta3
kind: Template
metadata:
  name: new-microservice
  title: Create New Microservice
spec:
  owner: platform-team
  type: service
  parameters:
    - title: Service Details
      required:
        - name
        - owner
      properties:
        name:
          title: Service Name
          type: string
        owner:
          title: Owner Team
          type: string
          ui:field: OwnerPicker
  steps:
    - id: fetchBase
      name: Fetch Template
      action: fetch:template
      input:
        url: ./skeleton
        values:
          name: ${{parameters.name}}
    - id: publish
      name: Publish to GitHub
      action: publish:github
      input:
        repoUrl: github.com?owner=myorg&repo=${{parameters.name}}
    - id: register
      name: Register in Catalog
      action: catalog:register
      input:
        repoContentsUrl: ${{steps.publish.output.repoContentsUrl}}
        catalogInfoPath: /catalog-info.yaml

Control Loop:
  1. Observe: Custom Resource 변경 감시
  2. Analyze: 현재 상태와 목표 상태 비교
  3. Act: 종속 리소스 생성/업데이트/삭제로 상태 조정

receivers:
  otlp:
    protocols:
      grpc:
        endpoint: 0.0.0.0:4317
      http:
        endpoint: 0.0.0.0:4318

processors:
  memory_limiter:
    check_interval: 1s
    limit_mib: 2000
  batch:
    timeout: 10s

exporters:
  otlp/jaeger:
    endpoint: jaeger-collector:4317
    tls:
      insecure: true
  prometheus:
    endpoint: 0.0.0.0:8889

service:
  pipelines:
    traces:
      receivers: [otlp]
      processors: [memory_limiter, batch]
      exporters: [otlp/jaeger]
    metrics:
      receivers: [otlp]
      processors: [memory_limiter, batch]
      exporters: [prometheus]

apiVersion: opentelemetry.io/v1alpha1
kind: Instrumentation
metadata:
  name: demo-instrumentation
spec:
  exporter:
    endpoint: http://otel-collector:4318
  propagators:
    - tracecontext
    - baggage
  sampler:
    type: parentbased_traceidratio
    argument: '1'

metadata:
  annotations:
    instrumentation.opentelemetry.io/inject-java: 'true' # Java
    instrumentation.opentelemetry.io/inject-python: 'true' # Python
    instrumentation.opentelemetry.io/inject-nodejs: 'true' # Node.js

apiVersion: monitoring.coreos.com/v1
kind: ServiceMonitor
metadata:
  name: my-app-monitor
  labels:
    release: prometheus
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: my-app
  endpoints:
    - port: metrics
      path: /metrics
      interval: 30s

# 초당 요청률 (5분 윈도우)
rate(http_requests_total[5m])

# Job별 합산
sum by (job) (rate(http_requests_total[5m]))

# P99 지연시간
histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m]))

# 에러율
sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m]))
/
sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m]))

                  +-----------+
                  |  Grafana  |  (대시보드, 알림)
                  +-----+-----+
                        |
           +------------+------------+
           |            |            |
      +----+----+  +---+---+  +-----+-----+
      |  Mimir  |  |  Loki |  |   Tempo   |
      | Metrics |  |  Logs |  |  Traces   |
      +----+----+  +---+---+  +-----+-----+
           |            |            |
           +------------+------------+
                        |
               +--------+--------+
               | OTel Collector  |
               +-----------------+
                        |
                [Applications]

Error Budget = 1 - SLO

SLO 99.9% → Error Budget 0.1% → 월간 약 43.2분 다운타임 허용
SLO 99.99% → Error Budget 0.01% → 월간 약 4.32분 다운타임 허용

# ResourceQuota로 리소스 제한
apiVersion: v1
kind: ResourceQuota
metadata:
  name: team-a-quota
  namespace: team-a
spec:
  hard:
    requests.cpu: '10'
    requests.memory: 20Gi
    limits.cpu: '20'
    limits.memory: 40Gi
    pods: '50'
---
# NetworkPolicy로 네트워크 격리
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: deny-all
  namespace: team-a
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  policyTypes:
    - Ingress
    - Egress

apiVersion: templates.gatekeeper.sh/v1
kind: ConstraintTemplate
metadata:
  name: k8srequiredlabels
spec:
  crd:
    spec:
      names:
        kind: K8sRequiredLabels
      validation:
        openAPIV3Schema:
          type: object
          properties:
            labels:
              type: array
              items:
                type: string
  targets:
    - target: admission.k8s.gatekeeper.sh
      rego: |
        package k8srequiredlabels

        violation[{"msg": msg, "details": {"missing_labels": missing}}] {
          provided := {label | input.review.object.metadata.labels[label]}
          required := {label | label := input.parameters.labels[_]}
          missing := required - provided
          count(missing) > 0
          msg := sprintf("you must provide labels: %v", [missing])
        }

apiVersion: constraints.gatekeeper.sh/v1beta1
kind: K8sRequiredLabels
metadata:
  name: ns-must-have-team
spec:
  match:
    kinds:
      - apiGroups: ['']
        kinds: ['Namespace']
  parameters:
    labels: ['team', 'environment']

apiVersion: kyverno.io/v1
kind: ClusterPolicy
metadata:
  name: require-resource-limits
spec:
  validationFailureAction: Enforce
  rules:
    - name: check-limits
      match:
        any:
          - resources:
              kinds:
                - Pod
      validate:
        message: 'CPU and memory resource limits are required.'
        pattern:
          spec:
            containers:
              - resources:
                  limits:
                    cpu: '?*'
                    memory: '?*'