✍️ 필사 모드: 고급 CI/CD 파이프라인 구축 가이드 — GitHub Actions, ArgoCD, Tekton, 보안 파이프라인

# Level 2: 기본 파이프라인 예시
name: Basic CI/CD
on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
jobs:
  build-and-deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - run: npm install
      - run: npm test
      - run: npm run build
      - run: ./deploy.sh

# .github/workflows/reusable-build.yml (공유 저장소)
name: Reusable Build
on:
  workflow_call:
    inputs:
      node-version:
        required: false
        type: string
        default: '20'
      registry-url:
        required: true
        type: string
    secrets:
      npm-token:
        required: true

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: ${{ inputs.node-version }}
          registry-url: ${{ inputs.registry-url }}
      - run: npm ci
        env:
          NODE_AUTH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.npm-token }}
      - run: npm run build
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: build-output
          path: dist/

# 호출하는 워크플로
name: App CI
on: [push]
jobs:
  call-build:
    uses: my-org/shared-workflows/.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml@v2
    with:
      node-version: '20'
      registry-url: 'https://npm.pkg.github.com'
    secrets:
      npm-token: ${{ secrets.NPM_TOKEN }}

# .github/actions/setup-and-test/action.yml
name: 'Setup and Test'
description: 'Node.js 환경 설정 후 테스트 실행'
inputs:
  node-version:
    description: 'Node.js version'
    required: false
    default: '20'
runs:
  using: 'composite'
  steps:
    - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
      with:
        node-version: ${{ inputs.node-version }}
        cache: 'npm'
    - run: npm ci
      shell: bash
    - run: npm test -- --coverage
      shell: bash
    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
      with:
        name: coverage
        path: coverage/

jobs:
  test:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
        node: [18, 20, 22]
        exclude:
          - os: macos-latest
            node: 18
        include:
          - os: ubuntu-latest
            node: 22
            experimental: true
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.experimental || false }}
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: ${{ matrix.node }}
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npm test

jobs:
  deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    permissions:
      id-token: write
      contents: read
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
        with:
          role-to-assume: arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/github-actions-role
          aws-region: ap-northeast-2
      - run: aws s3 sync ./dist s3://my-bucket
      - run: aws cloudfront create-invalidation --distribution-id E1234 --paths "/*"

# ArgoCD Application 리소스
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Application
metadata:
  name: my-app
  namespace: argocd
spec:
  project: default
  source:
    repoURL: https://github.com/my-org/k8s-manifests.git
    targetRevision: main
    path: apps/my-app/overlays/production
  destination:
    server: https://kubernetes.default.svc
    namespace: my-app
  syncPolicy:
    automated:
      prune: true
      selfHeal: true
    syncOptions:
      - CreateNamespace=true
    retry:
      limit: 5
      backoff:
        duration: 5s
        factor: 2
        maxDuration: 3m

# root-app.yaml - 다른 Application들을 관리하는 루트
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Application
metadata:
  name: root-app
  namespace: argocd
spec:
  project: default
  source:
    repoURL: https://github.com/my-org/argocd-apps.git
    targetRevision: main
    path: apps
  destination:
    server: https://kubernetes.default.svc
    namespace: argocd

# apps/frontend.yaml - 루트가 관리하는 자식 Application
apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Application
metadata:
  name: frontend
  namespace: argocd
spec:
  project: default
  source:
    repoURL: https://github.com/my-org/k8s-manifests.git
    path: apps/frontend/overlays/production
    targetRevision: main
  destination:
    server: https://kubernetes.default.svc
    namespace: frontend

apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: ApplicationSet
metadata:
  name: my-app-set
  namespace: argocd
spec:
  generators:
    - clusters:
        selector:
          matchLabels:
            env: production
  template:
    metadata:
      name: 'my-app-{{name}}'
    spec:
      project: default
      source:
        repoURL: https://github.com/my-org/k8s-manifests.git
        targetRevision: main
        path: 'apps/my-app/overlays/{{metadata.labels.region}}'
      destination:
        server: '{{server}}'
        namespace: my-app

apiVersion: tekton.dev/v1
kind: Task
metadata:
  name: build-and-push
spec:
  params:
    - name: image-url
      type: string
    - name: image-tag
      type: string
      default: latest
  workspaces:
    - name: source
  steps:
    - name: build
      image: gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor:latest
      args:
        - --dockerfile=Dockerfile
        - --context=$(workspaces.source.path)
        - --destination=$(params.image-url):$(params.image-tag)
        - --cache=true
        - --cache-ttl=24h

apiVersion: tekton.dev/v1
kind: Pipeline
metadata:
  name: ci-pipeline
spec:
  params:
    - name: repo-url
      type: string
    - name: image-url
      type: string
  workspaces:
    - name: shared-workspace
  tasks:
    - name: fetch-source
      taskRef:
        name: git-clone
      workspaces:
        - name: output
          workspace: shared-workspace
      params:
        - name: url
          value: $(params.repo-url)

    - name: run-tests
      taskRef:
        name: npm-test
      runAfter:
        - fetch-source
      workspaces:
        - name: source
          workspace: shared-workspace

    - name: build-image
      taskRef:
        name: build-and-push
      runAfter:
        - run-tests
      workspaces:
        - name: source
          workspace: shared-workspace
      params:
        - name: image-url
          value: $(params.image-url)

    - name: security-scan
      taskRef:
        name: trivy-scan
      runAfter:
        - build-image
      params:
        - name: image-url
          value: $(params.image-url)

apiVersion: tekton.dev/v1
kind: PipelineRun
metadata:
  generateName: ci-pipeline-run-
spec:
  pipelineRef:
    name: ci-pipeline
  params:
    - name: repo-url
      value: https://github.com/my-org/my-app.git
    - name: image-url
      value: ghcr.io/my-org/my-app
  workspaces:
    - name: shared-workspace
      volumeClaimTemplate:
        spec:
          accessModes:
            - ReadWriteOnce
          resources:
            requests:
              storage: 1Gi

# GitHub Actions에서 SonarQube 분석
name: Security Pipeline
on: [push, pull_request]

jobs:
  sast:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
      - uses: SonarSource/sonarqube-scan-action@v3
        env:
          SONAR_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SONAR_TOKEN }}
          SONAR_HOST_URL: ${{ secrets.SONAR_HOST_URL }}
        with:
          args: >
            -Dsonar.projectKey=my-project
            -Dsonar.sources=src/
            -Dsonar.tests=tests/
            -Dsonar.coverage.exclusions=**/*.test.ts
      - uses: SonarSource/sonarqube-quality-gate-check@v1
        timeout-minutes: 5
        env:
          SONAR_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SONAR_TOKEN }}

  container-scan:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs: [build]
    steps:
      - uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@master
        with:
          image-ref: 'ghcr.io/my-org/my-app:latest'
          format: 'sarif'
          output: 'trivy-results.sarif'
          severity: 'CRITICAL,HIGH'
          exit-code: '1'
      - uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@v3
        if: always()
        with:
          sarif_file: 'trivy-results.sarif'

  sbom-and-sign:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs: [container-scan]
    permissions:
      id-token: write
      packages: write
    steps:
      - name: Generate SBOM
        uses: anchore/sbom-action@v0
        with:
          image: ghcr.io/my-org/my-app:latest
          format: spdx-json
          output-file: sbom.spdx.json

      - name: Install Cosign
        uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@v3

      - name: Sign Container Image
        run: |
          cosign sign --yes \
            ghcr.io/my-org/my-app:latest

      - name: Attach SBOM to Image
        run: |
          cosign attach sbom \
            --sbom sbom.spdx.json \
            ghcr.io/my-org/my-app:latest

  secret-scan:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
      - uses: gitleaks/gitleaks-action@v2
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

jobs:
  test:
    strategy:
      matrix:
        shard: [1, 2, 3, 4]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - run: npm ci
      - name: Run Tests (Shard ${{ matrix.shard }}/4)
        run: |
          npx jest --shard=${{ matrix.shard }}/4 \
            --ci --coverage --forceExit
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: coverage-${{ matrix.shard }}
          path: coverage/

  merge-coverage:
    needs: [test]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
        with:
          pattern: coverage-*
          merge-multiple: true
      - name: Merge Coverage Reports
        run: npx istanbul-merge --out merged-coverage.json coverage-*/coverage-final.json

  e2e:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs: [deploy-staging]
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - run: npm ci
      - name: Install Playwright Browsers
        run: npx playwright install --with-deps
      - name: Run E2E Tests
        run: npx playwright test --reporter=html
        env:
          BASE_URL: https://staging.my-app.com
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        if: failure()
        with:
          name: playwright-report
          path: playwright-report/

apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Rollout
metadata:
  name: my-app
spec:
  replicas: 10
  strategy:
    canary:
      canaryService: my-app-canary
      stableService: my-app-stable
      trafficRouting:
        istio:
          virtualServices:
            - name: my-app-vsvc
              routes:
                - primary
      steps:
        - setWeight: 5
        - pause:
            duration: 5m
        - setWeight: 20
        - pause:
            duration: 5m
        - setWeight: 50
        - pause:
            duration: 10m
        - setWeight: 80
        - pause:
            duration: 5m
      analysis:
        templates:
          - templateName: success-rate
        startingStep: 2
        args:
          - name: service-name
            value: my-app-canary
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: my-app
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: my-app
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: my-app
          image: ghcr.io/my-org/my-app:v2.0.0
          ports:
            - containerPort: 8080

apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: AnalysisTemplate
metadata:
  name: success-rate
spec:
  args:
    - name: service-name
  metrics:
    - name: success-rate
      interval: 60s
      successCondition: result[0] >= 0.95
      failureLimit: 3
      provider:
        prometheus:
          address: http://prometheus.monitoring:9090
          query: |
            sum(rate(http_requests_total{
              service="{{args.service-name}}",
              status=~"2.."
            }[5m])) /
            sum(rate(http_requests_total{
              service="{{args.service-name}}"
            }[5m]))

apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Rollout
metadata:
  name: my-app-bluegreen
spec:
  replicas: 5
  strategy:
    blueGreen:
      activeService: my-app-active
      previewService: my-app-preview
      autoPromotionEnabled: false
      prePromotionAnalysis:
        templates:
          - templateName: smoke-test
      postPromotionAnalysis:
        templates:
          - templateName: success-rate
      scaleDownDelaySeconds: 300
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: my-app
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: my-app
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: my-app
          image: ghcr.io/my-org/my-app:v2.0.0

apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: my-app
spec:
  hosts:
    - my-app.example.com
  http:
    - route:
        - destination:
            host: my-app-stable
            port:
              number: 80
      mirror:
        host: my-app-canary
        port:
          number: 80
      mirrorPercentage:
        value: 100.0

k8s/
  base/
    deployment.yaml
    service.yaml
    kustomization.yaml
  overlays/
    dev/
      kustomization.yaml
      replica-patch.yaml
    staging/
      kustomization.yaml
      replica-patch.yaml
    production/
      kustomization.yaml
      replica-patch.yaml
      hpa.yaml

# k8s/base/kustomization.yaml
apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Kustomization
resources:
  - deployment.yaml
  - service.yaml

# k8s/overlays/production/kustomization.yaml
apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Kustomization
resources:
  - ../../base
  - hpa.yaml
patches:
  - path: replica-patch.yaml
namePrefix: prod-
commonLabels:
  env: production

# k8s/overlays/production/replica-patch.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: my-app
spec:
  replicas: 5
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: my-app
          resources:
            requests:
              cpu: 500m
              memory: 512Mi
            limits:
              cpu: 1000m
              memory: 1Gi

# values-dev.yaml
replicaCount: 1
image:
  tag: latest
resources:
  requests:
    cpu: 100m
    memory: 128Mi
ingress:
  host: dev.my-app.internal
autoscaling:
  enabled: false

# values-production.yaml
replicaCount: 5
image:
  tag: v2.0.0
resources:
  requests:
    cpu: 500m
    memory: 512Mi
  limits:
    cpu: 1000m
    memory: 1Gi
ingress:
  host: my-app.example.com
  tls: true
autoscaling:
  enabled: true
  minReplicas: 5
  maxReplicas: 20
  targetCPU: 70

# 환경별 배포
helm upgrade --install my-app ./chart \
  -f values-production.yaml \
  --namespace production \
  --wait --timeout 5m

# PrometheusRule - 자동 롤백 트리거
apiVersion: monitoring.coreos.com/v1
kind: PrometheusRule
metadata:
  name: deployment-rollback-rules
spec:
  groups:
    - name: deployment-health
      rules:
        - alert: HighErrorRate
          expr: |
            sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m]))
            /
            sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m]))
            > 0.05
          for: 2m
          labels:
            severity: critical
            action: rollback
          annotations:
            summary: "Error rate above 5 percent for 2 minutes"

        - alert: HighLatency
          expr: |
            histogram_quantile(0.99,
              sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le)
            ) > 2
          for: 3m
          labels:
            severity: critical
            action: rollback
          annotations:
            summary: "p99 latency above 2 seconds for 3 minutes"

# SLO 정의 예시
apiVersion: sloth.slok.dev/v1
kind: PrometheusServiceLevel
metadata:
  name: my-app-slo
spec:
  service: my-app
  labels:
    team: platform
  slos:
    - name: requests-availability
      objective: 99.9
      sli:
        events:
          errorQuery: sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m]))
          totalQuery: sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m]))
      alerting:
        name: MyAppAvailability
        pageAlert:
          labels:
            severity: critical
        ticketAlert:
          labels:
            severity: warning

개발자 코드 Push
    |
    v
[CI 단계 - GitHub Actions]
    |-- 코드 체크아웃
    |-- 의존성 설치 (캐시 활용)
    |-- 린트 + 포맷 체크
    |-- 유닛 테스트 (병렬 4 샤드)
    |-- 통합 테스트
    |-- SAST (SonarQube)
    |-- 시크릿 스캔 (GitLeaks)
    |-- 의존성 취약점 스캔 (Snyk)
    |-- 컨테이너 빌드 (Kaniko)
    |-- 컨테이너 스캔 (Trivy)
    |-- SBOM 생성 (Syft)
    |-- 이미지 서명 (Cosign)
    |-- 이미지 레지스트리 Push
    |
    v
[CD 단계 - ArgoCD / GitOps]
    |-- 매니페스트 저장소 자동 업데이트
    |-- ArgoCD 동기화
    |-- dev 환경 자동 배포
    |-- staging 환경 자동 배포
    |-- E2E 테스트 (Playwright)
    |-- DAST (OWASP ZAP)
    |
    v
[프로덕션 배포 - Argo Rollouts]
    |-- 카나리 5% 배포
    |-- 메트릭 분석 (AnalysisTemplate)
    |-- 카나리 20% 증가
    |-- 메트릭 재분석
    |-- 카나리 50% 증가
    |-- 최종 분석
    |-- 100% 프로모션 또는 자동 롤백
    |
    v
[모니터링 - Prometheus / Grafana]
    |-- SLO 대시보드
    |-- 에러 버짓 추적
    |-- 자동 롤백 알림

- uses: actions/cache@v4
  with:
    path: |
      ~/.npm
      node_modules
    key: deps-${{ hashFiles('**/package-lock.json') }}
    restore-keys: |
      deps-

- uses: dorny/paths-filter@v3
  id: changes
  with:
    filters: |
      backend:
        - 'src/api/**'
        - 'src/models/**'
      frontend:
        - 'src/components/**'
        - 'src/pages/**'
      infra:
        - 'terraform/**'
        - 'k8s/**'