필사 모드: PKM & Markdown Note-Taking Apps 2026 Deep Dive - Obsidian, Logseq, Tana, Heptabase, Notion, Bear, Roam, AnyType, Craft

Prologue — In 2026, the External Brain Has Become a Standard

In 2020, "note-taking app" meant Evernote or Apple Notes. The 2026 landscape is completely different.

- **PKM (Personal Knowledge Management)** has entered the general vocabulary. Zettelkasten, Building a Second Brain, and GTD have spread through YouTube and reading culture.

- **Obsidian 1.7** has become the de facto standard of the PKM camp. Local markdown vaults, more than 1500 community plugins, graph view, Canvas, Properties — users shape their own tools.

- **Logseq, Tana, and Heptabase** compete for the throne of "the next Roam." Outliner, blocks, and visual whiteboard, each on a different path.

- **Notion** dominates the collaborative SaaS market with databases and Notion AI. With Notion Calendar (formerly Cron), it absorbed scheduling too.

- **Bear 2, iA Writer, Typora, and Craft** keep the "beautiful markdown" tradition alive.

- **AnyType, AppFlowy, Affine, SiYuan, Joplin, and Trilium** are open-source alternatives building toward Notion replacements.

- **AI integrations** — Smart Connections, Notion AI, Mem, Reflect, Tana AI, Heptabase AI — open the era of "the note thinks for you."

This article maps the entire landscape at once. 22 chapters, 30 plus tools, 25 plus reference links.

> One-line summary: **"Where, how, with whom, and for how long will I write these notes?"** These four questions decide 90 percent of your PKM tool choice.

1. The Essence of PKM — Why "External Brain" Instead of "Note App"

**PKM (Personal Knowledge Management)** is the entire workflow by which an individual collects, processes, links, and retrieves information. It is not simply "taking better notes."

PKM rests on three assumptions.

1. **Human working memory is capped at 7 plus or minus 2 items.** The number of concepts you can hold simultaneously is bounded.

2. **Long-term memory is strengthened by retrieval.** If you do not carry it with you, you forget.

3. **Creativity comes from collisions between seemingly unrelated concepts.** Linking notes is itself a form of thinking.

The essence of a PKM tool is to support these three. Evaluate any tool along three axes: external storage, linking, and retrieval (search, tags, backlinks).

> The one-line selection criterion: **"Will I still control my notes in five years?"**

2. Zettelkasten — Niklas Luhmann's 90,000 Slips

**Zettelkasten** means "slip box" in German. The sociologist **Niklas Luhmann** wrote 70 books and 400 papers using a system of about 90,000 paper slips over his lifetime.

The core rules:

1. **One idea per card** (atomic notes). The unit of separation is the unit of thought.

2. **Each card has a unique ID** (Luhmann used branching IDs like 1, 1a, 1a1, 1b). The modern equivalent is Obsidian's wiki link `[[note name]]`.

3. **Three types of cards** — fleeting (quick scratches), literature (notes from reading), and permanent (your own re-written ideas).

4. **The links between cards are the index.** Organize by graph, not by folder.

The wiki link and backlink features of Obsidian, Logseq, Roam, and Tana are all digital implementations of Zettelkasten. **Sönke Ahrens**'s "How to Take Smart Notes" (2017) is the book that popularized the method in English.

3. Building a Second Brain — Tiago Forte's CODE and PARA

**Tiago Forte**'s 2022 book "Building a Second Brain" (BASB) popularized PKM for the mainstream. It boils down to two acronyms.

**CODE** — the four-stage workflow.

| Stage | Meaning |

| --- | --- |

| Capture | Quickly grab anything interesting |

| Organize | Classify by actionability |

| Distill | Progressively summarize the essence |

| Express | Produce new output |

**PARA** — folder classification.

| Acronym | Meaning |

| --- | --- |

| Projects | Active work with deadlines |

| Areas | Ongoing areas of responsibility |

| Resources | Reference material for future use |

| Archive | Inactive items |

Forte's one-line claim: **"Organize notes by action, not by topic."** This idea has broadly shaped the folder structures of Notion, Logseq, and Obsidian users.

4. GTD — David Allen's "Getting Things Done"

**GTD (Getting Things Done)** is David Allen's 2001 productivity methodology. It is closer to a task and information flow framework than a pure note system, but it is tightly coupled with PKM's capture stage.

The five GTD stages:

1. **Capture** — dump everything in your head into an inbox.

2. **Clarify** — decide whether each item is actionable, a single step, or a multi-step project.

3. **Organize** — sort into next-action lists, waiting lists, and someday/maybe lists.

4. **Reflect** — review weekly.

5. **Engage** — execute.

By 2026, PKM tools have partially absorbed GTD. Tana's supertags, Logseq's TODO keywords, Obsidian's Tasks plugin, and Notion's databases all serve as next-action lists.

5. Obsidian 1.7 — Champion of Local Markdown PKM

**Obsidian** has been the de facto PKM standard since its 2020 launch. At the 2026 version 1.7, its key traits are:

- **Local markdown vault** — notes are stored as ordinary `.md` files. Even if the company disappears, the notes remain.

- **Wiki links and backlinks** — link notes with `[[note name]]` and see automatic backlinks.

- **Graph view** — visualize the connections between notes.

- **Canvas** — an infinite whiteboard. Arrange notes as cards for visual thinking.

- **Properties** (formerly YAML frontmatter) — edit note metadata through a GUI.

- **Plugin ecosystem** — over 1500 community plugins. Dataview, Templater, QuickAdd, Excalidraw, Smart Connections.

The flagship plugins in one line each:

| Plugin | Use |

| --- | --- |

| Dataview | Query a markdown vault as a database |

| Templater | Powerful templates — automate note creation |

| QuickAdd | Quick capture macros |

| Excalidraw | Hand-drawn diagrams |

| Smart Connections | Semantic note recommendations via OpenAI embeddings |

Two paid add-on services: **Obsidian Sync** (E2EE sync, \$4 to \$8 per month) and **Obsidian Publish** (publish notes as a static site, \$8 to \$16 per month).

> Obsidian philosophy in one line: **"The file is yours. We do not hold your data hostage."**

6. Obsidian Workflow — Dataview and Templater in Practice

The real power of Obsidian comes from combining **Dataview** and **Templater**. The markdown vault suddenly behaves like a database.

Example. Suppose the frontmatter of a book note looks like this.

title: How to Take Smart Notes

author: Sönke Ahrens

status: read

rating: 5

year: 2017

tags: [pkm, zettelkasten]

A Dataview query sorts all book notes by rating.

TABLE author, rating, year

FROM #pkm

WHERE status = "read"

SORT rating DESC

With Templater, generate a daily journal note automatically. Below is part of the template code — the variable expressions live inside the code fence and are therefore safe.

// Daily note template

const today = tp.date.now("YYYY-MM-DD");

const yesterday = tp.date.now("YYYY-MM-DD", -1);

tR += `# ${today}\n\n`;

tR += `Yesterday: [[${yesterday}]]\n\n`;

tR += `## Today's intention\n- \n\n`;

tR += `## Captures\n- \n\n`;

tR += `## Reflection\n- \n`;

Once this setup becomes second nature, Obsidian is less a word processor and more a **personal database IDE**.

7. Logseq 0.10 — The Essence of an Open-Source Outliner

**Logseq** is an open-source PKM tool started in 2020. It adopted Roam Research's block-based outliner model but stores everything as local plaintext markdown or org-mode files.

Core traits:

- **Block-level thinking** — every line is a block, and every block has a unique ID so other notes can embed it.

- **Journal first** — open the app and today's journal page appears. All thinking starts in the journal.

- **Local plaintext** — `.md` or `.org` files. It even runs over the same folder as an Obsidian vault.

- **Graph view, bidirectional links, queries** — all signature Roam features, for free.

- **Open source** (AGPL-3.0) — code on GitHub.

Pros and cons of Logseq.

- Pros: free, open source, fast capture, journal-centric, data ownership over Roam.

- Cons: weak folder structure, steep initial learning curve, smaller plugin ecosystem than Obsidian.

The 2024 release **Logseq Database (DB) Edition** is a next-gen version rewritten around SQLite. Search and queries are much faster than the plaintext edition. As of 2026 both versions run in parallel.

8. Roam Research — The Original, but in Decline

**Roam Research** launched in 2019 and ignited the PKM boom. Most modern PKM vocabulary — bidirectional links, graph view, block embeds, daily notes — was crystallized in Roam.

By 2026 Roam's market share has clearly shrunk. Three reasons.

1. **Price** — \$15 per month or \$165 per year, the most expensive in the PKM camp.

2. **Data lock-in** — cloud-only SaaS. JSON backup exists but is hard for non-technical users.

3. **Roadmap stagnation** — core feature progress is slow, while Obsidian, Logseq, and Tana have caught up.

Even so, Roam's legacy is enormous. The idea that **"notes are blocks, not pages"** flowed into Logseq, Tana, Capacities, and Reflect.

9. Tana 2024 — Supertags Meet AI

**Tana** started in beta in 2022 and officially launched in 2024 as a next-generation outliner. The core innovation is **supertags**.

A supertag is not a regular tag. The moment you apply it, the node becomes an instance of that type, and the type's defined fields are auto-attached. For example, applying the `#book` tag automatically adds author, year, and rating fields. It is, in effect, a node-based database.

Other key Tana features:

- **Daily node** — start in today's node, like Logseq's journal.

- **AI integration** — Tana AI auto-tags, summarizes, and restructures notes.

- **Live searches** — embed dynamic query results into another node.

- **Voice capture** — Tana Capture app transcribes voice and routes it into the journal.

Pricing is around \$10 to \$14 per month. Unlike Obsidian, it is not local-first, but data export is well supported.

> The seat Tana is going for: **"Notion's database + Roam's graph + AI automation."**

10. Heptabase — The Visual Whiteboard PKM

**Heptabase** is a visual PKM tool started in 2021 by Taiwanese developer Alan Chan. It earned cult status among PhD students and researchers.

Core concepts:

- **Card** — each markdown note is a card.

- **Whiteboard** — place cards on an infinite canvas to think spatially.

- **Group** — bundle cards on a whiteboard into larger conceptual units.

- **Mindmap, highlights, PDF integration** — annotate a paper PDF and turn highlights into cards.

- **Math export** — KaTeX renders directly.

Heptabase's strength is **spatial thinking**. The intuition that "these two concepts are close" can be expressed by position rather than prose. For people writing a PhD thesis or designing a book from scratch, this is uniquely powerful.

Pricing runs about \$84 to \$167 per year. Obsidian Canvas offers a similar free feature, but Heptabase's card-group-whiteboard workflow is more polished.

11. Notion — The Apex of Managed SaaS

**Notion** launched in 2016 and now leads the collaborative PKM, docs, and database market. As of 2024 it has more than 100 million users.

Notion's strengths:

- **Databases are first-class citizens** — any page can be a row in a database.

- **Formulas** — drop functions into database cells. Excel for PKM.

- **Collaboration** — real-time multi-user editing, comments, sharing — Google Docs grade.

- **Notion AI** — \$10 per month add-on. Summarize, translate, write, Q&A.

- **Notion Calendar** (formerly Cron, acquired in 2024) — link calendar events to Notion pages.

Notion's weaknesses:

- **Data ownership** — cloud only. Offline mode is weak.

- **Markdown compatibility** — not full. Export works, but two-way sync is hard.

- **Performance** — large workspaces slow down.

- **Graph for PKM** — backlinks and graph view are weaker than dedicated PKM tools.

Summary: **dominant for team wikis and project management**, weak for personal Zettelkasten.

12. Bear 2 — Aesthetic Markdown for the Apple Ecosystem

**Bear** is a markdown note app exclusive to macOS and iOS. The Bear 2 release in 2024 was rewritten on top of SwiftUI.

Traits:

- **Tags replace folders** — structure by nested tags such as `#projects/blog/2026` instead of a folder tree.

- **Themes** — dozens of themes, dark mode included.

- **Apple Pencil support** — handwriting on iPad.

- **CloudKit sync** — auto-sync across macOS, iOS, and iPadOS via Apple ID.

- **Standard markdown** — export to `.textbundle` or `.md`.

Bear's limits are clear. **Apple ecosystem only**, weak bidirectional links, no database. Yet as "a tool that makes the act of writing itself pleasant," Bear stands shoulder to shoulder with iA Writer and Craft.

Pricing is roughly \$30 per year for Bear Pro.

13. iA Writer — The Peak of Minimalism

**iA Writer** is one of the original markdown editors, launched in 2010. Its design philosophy fits in one line — **"remove the distractions."**

Core features:

- **Focus mode** — highlight only the current line, sentence, or paragraph, fading the rest.

- **Typography** — proprietary fonts based on Nitti and IBM Plex.

- **Content blocks** — embed another file with one line. Strong for writing a book split into chapter files.

- **Markdown + frontmatter** — standard compliant.

- **Hashtag** — tag-based indexing.

It is not a PKM tool. There are no bidirectional links or graph view. But for people whose core act is "writing long-form prose" — authors, columnists, academics — iA Writer's minimalism is still powerful.

Price is a one-off purchase of around \$50.

14. Typora and WYSIWYG Markdown

**Typora** is a markdown editor that renders markdown WYSIWYG. The moment you type a markdown construct, the line changes into the rendered form — typing a heading prefix turns the line into a large heading immediately.

Features:

- **Live render** — one window, no separate source and preview panes.

- **Diagrams** — built-in Mermaid, KaTeX, and Flowchart.

- **Theme CSS** — user-defined themes.

- **GFM, YAML frontmatter, tables** — standard support.

Typora left free beta in 2021 and became a paid app at around \$15 one-off. People comfortable with WYSIWYG rate it as the smoothest markdown editor.

Similar tools. **MarkText** (open-source WYSIWYG markdown), **Zettlr** (specialized for academic writing), **Obsidian Live Preview** (Obsidian's view mode that resembles Typora).

15. AnyType — The P2P Open-Source Notion

**AnyType** positions itself as "the open-source P2P alternative to Notion." It hit official 1.0 in 2024.

Features:

- **Local first plus P2P sync** — sync between your own devices, or via a self-hosted node, instead of going through a vendor cloud.

- **Object-based** — like Notion, you think in objects such as page, note, task, and book.

- **Open source** (AGPL-like).

- **Encryption** — all data is end-to-end encrypted.

Pros: data ownership plus Notion-style UX. Cons: collaboration is not as smooth as SaaS, ecosystem is still small.

Tools in the same spirit. **AppFlowy** (Notion clone built in Rust plus Flutter), **Affine** (Notion plus Miro hybrid, open source), **SiYuan** (Chinese open-source PKM with strong block features).

16. Craft — Native Aesthetics

**Craft** is a native note app for macOS, iOS, iPadOS, and Windows launched in 2020. Its design philosophy is "Notion's feature set at Apple's aesthetic bar." As of 2026 the product is at Craft 3.

Features:

- **Block-based plus nested pages** — pages inside pages in the Notion style.

- **AI assistant** — Craft AI writes, summarizes, and translates.

- **PDFs, images, embeds** — rich media integration.

- **Shareable pages** — publish a page as a public URL on the web.

- **iCloud sync plus Craft Cloud** as a second option.

Craft's weaknesses are weak graph and bidirectional linking, and markdown is not a first-class citizen. But for aesthetic satisfaction and mobile usability, it is one of the best.

Pricing is free plus a \$5 per month Plus plan.

17. Reflect, Capacities, Mem, Workflowy, RemNote, Supernotes

New PKM tools appear every year. Six worth tracking in 2026, condensed.

| Tool | One-line definition | Differentiator |

| --- | --- | --- |

| Reflect | Calendar, notes, and tasks unified | Apple Calendar integration, clean design |

| Capacities | Object-based PKM | Classify notes as "book, person, project" types |

| Mem | AI-first notes | Auto-classify and auto-tag, GPT-based autocomplete |

| Workflowy | Minimal outliner | Doubles down on one thing, lifetime plan \$249 one-off |

| RemNote | Notes plus spaced repetition | Write notes and generate flashcards at the same time. Ideal for students |

| Supernotes | Collaborative card notes | Card-level collaboration, share notes with friends |

These tools do not match Obsidian's ecosystem in scale, but each is a strong alternative for a specific niche (calendar-first, AI-first, learners, collaboration).

18. Apple Notes, Google Keep, Microsoft OneNote — The Power of Defaults

After admiring the bright PKM toolbelt for a while, you sometimes ask, "would Apple Notes have been enough?" Often the answer is yes.

| Tool | Strength | Weakness |

| --- | --- | --- |

| Apple Notes | Free, Apple ecosystem integration, Pencil support, fast capture | No markdown, hard to export |

| Google Keep | Free, runs on every OS, fast capture and voice | Not suitable for deep notes |

| Microsoft OneNote | Infinite canvas, handwriting, Office integration | Slow search, no markdown |

| Evernote | Powerful OCR and search | Bending Spoons acquisition raised prices |

For "good enough" users, default apps are still a rational choice. Especially on capture speed — being able to write the moment an idea arrives — defaults often beat power tools.

19. Joplin, Standard Notes, Trilium — The Open-Source Camp

Open-source note apps are the choice for users who insist on data sovereignty.

**Joplin** — open-source Evernote alternative. Markdown-based, Electron client, sync of your choosing (Nextcloud, Dropbox, WebDAV, OneDrive, Joplin Cloud). The plugin ecosystem is steadily growing.

**Standard Notes** — end-to-end encrypted notes run by a Proton (ProtonMail) subsidiary. Minimal UI, focused on security. Markdown, code editor, and rich text editors come as extensions.

**Trilium Notes** — self-hostable as a first-class scenario. Strong tree structure, automation via JavaScript scripts. Excellent for a personal wiki or a long-lived knowledge base.

**AppFlowy** — Notion clone built in Rust and Flutter. Databases, kanban, calendar, pages — Notion's core feature set as open source.

**Affine** — a hybrid of Notion and Miro. Infinite whiteboard plus page editor in one tool. Open source.

**SiYuan** — open-source PKM born in China. Block-based, markdown, bidirectional links, AI integration — feels like a fusion of the best of Logseq and Obsidian.

20. Sync Strategies — iCloud, Dropbox, Sync, git, Syncthing

After choosing a PKM tool, the next big question is **multi-device sync**. Six options.

| Option | Pros | Cons |

| --- | --- | --- |

| Obsidian Sync | E2EE, version history, conflict resolution | \$4 to \$8 per month |

| iCloud Drive | Automatic on Apple, free tier | Weak outside macOS and iOS |

| Dropbox | OS-agnostic, stable | Free tier is 2 GB |

| Google Drive | Free 15 GB, OS-agnostic | Conflicts on large vaults |

| Syncthing | Free, P2P device-to-device sync without a server | Mobile setup is fiddly |

| git | Perfect version control, can use GitHub | Mobile workflow is awkward, manual conflict resolution |

For developers, **git** is attractive. Treat the entire Obsidian vault as a GitHub repository and you can handle notes like code. The Obsidian Git plugin handles auto commit and push. The catch is mobile — git workflows on iOS and Android remain inconvenient.

> Golden rule of sync: **"Never edit on multiple devices simultaneously."** Nothing kills PKM flow like conflict resolution.

21. AI Integration — Smart Connections, Notion AI, Mem, Tana AI, Heptabase AI

The biggest change for PKM in 2026 is AI. It has arrived in every tool.

**Obsidian Smart Connections** — semantic note recommendations via OpenAI embeddings. It suggests connections between notes that do not share words but share concepts.

**Notion AI** — summarize, translate, write, and Q&A inside a page. \$10 per month add-on. AI fields inside database rows automate summarization and classification.

**Mem AI** — when notes come in, auto-tag and auto-classify. Search becomes natural language, such as "the designer I met last quarter."

**Tana AI** — combined with supertags. Auto-apply supertags and attach AI commands directly to nodes for automated execution.

**Heptabase AI** — send cards on a whiteboard through an AI step, with prompts like "summarize the essence of this whiteboard into a single card."

**ChatGPT and Claude Projects** — beyond PKM apps, mounting your note vault as LLM context is gaining momentum. Mounting an Obsidian vault into a Claude Project is essentially "a RAG over your second brain."

The concern is **data privacy**. When local markdown calls external LLM APIs, you must know exactly which notes leave the device. Smart Connections lets users plug in their own OpenAI API key so they control cost and scope.

22. Korean and Japanese PKM Communities — Where to Learn

The Korean and Japanese PKM communities are small but lively.

**Korea**

- **Obsidian Korea** — Korean user groups on Facebook, Discord, and Reddit. Active plugin recommendations and Korean localization work.

- **Jeong Hae-min (KOREAN STORYTELLER)** — the de facto popularizer of Obsidian and BASB in Korean. Korean PKM guides on YouTube and a blog.

- **Notion Korea** — official Korean Notion user community. Many students and founders.

- **Developer blog wave** — engineers from Toss, Kakao, and Line publish Obsidian-plus-git workflows on their blogs.

- **Translations** — the Korean editions of "How to Take Smart Notes" (2021) and "Building a Second Brain" (2023) drove adoption.

**Japan**

- **Obsidian Japan Community** — Japanese Obsidian user group. Rich Japanese guides on note.com and Zenn.

- **Scrapbox / Helpfeel** — a wiki-style note tool run by Japan's Helpfeel. Strong market share among Japanese students and researchers. Strengths are bidirectional links and fast search.

- **Roam Japan / Logseq Japan** — Slack and Discord-based communities.

- **Translations** — Japanese-origin PKM books like Yuji Maeda's "The Power of Notes" are bestsellers. Tiago Forte's BASB also has a Japanese edition.

In short, **English-speaking tools are the standard, but Japan has the native Scrapbox**, and **Korea is a Notion-versus-Obsidian dual-pillar market**.

Conclusion — Which Tool Should You Choose

Twenty-two chapters condensed to a single page.

| User type | Recommendation |

| --- | --- |

| Developers, data-sovereignty focus | Obsidian plus git, Logseq |

| PhD students, researchers | Heptabase plus Obsidian |

| Learners, students | RemNote, Notion |

| Writers, columnists | iA Writer, Bear, Obsidian |

| Team collaboration | Notion, AppFlowy, Affine |

| Minimalists | Bear, Apple Notes, Workflowy |

| Open-source believers | Logseq, Joplin, SiYuan, AnyType |

| AI-first | Mem, Tana, Notion AI, Smart Connections |

| Calendar integration | Reflect, Notion Calendar |

| Apple ecosystem | Apple Notes, Bear, Craft |

**Five truths about tool selection.**

1. **A tool cannot create a methodology.** Without Zettelkasten, Obsidian is useless.

2. **Will my notes still live in five years** is the most important question.

3. **Slow capture kills notes.** If you cannot write within a second, you never write.

4. **A note's value is decided at retrieval.** A note you never re-open is the same as one that does not exist.

5. **Your brain is the best tool.** Tools are extensions of that brain, nothing more.

In 2026, PKM is a combination of tools. Quick capture in Apple Notes, permanent cards in Obsidian, collaboration in Notion, spatial thinking in Heptabase — a "tool stack" is becoming the norm.

Tools cannot replace your brain. But a well-chosen tool definitely helps it fight the enemy called forgetting.

References

- [Sönke Ahrens, How to Take Smart Notes](https://takesmartnotes.com/)

- [Tiago Forte, Building a Second Brain](https://www.buildingasecondbrain.com/)

- [David Allen, Getting Things Done](https://gettingthingsdone.com/)

- [Niklas Luhmann Archive — Zettelkasten original](https://niklas-luhmann-archiv.de/)

- [Obsidian Official Documentation](https://help.obsidian.md/)

- [Obsidian Plugin Directory](https://obsidian.md/plugins)

- [Logseq Official Site](https://logseq.com/)

- [Logseq Database Edition announcement](https://blog.logseq.com/)

- [Roam Research](https://roamresearch.com/)

- [Tana Official Site](https://tana.inc/)

- [Heptabase Official Site](https://heptabase.com/)

- [Notion Official Site](https://www.notion.so/)

- [Notion Calendar](https://www.notion.so/product/calendar)

- [Bear Official Site](https://bear.app/)

- [iA Writer Official Site](https://ia.net/writer)

- [Typora Official Site](https://typora.io/)

- [AnyType Official Site](https://anytype.io/)

- [Craft Official Site](https://www.craft.do/)

- [Reflect Official Site](https://reflect.app/)

- [Capacities Official Site](https://capacities.io/)

- [Mem AI](https://mem.ai/)

- [Workflowy](https://workflowy.com/)

- [RemNote](https://remnote.com/)

- [Supernotes](https://supernotes.app/)

- [Joplin Official Site](https://joplinapp.org/)

- [Standard Notes](https://standardnotes.com/)

- [Trilium Notes](https://github.com/zadam/trilium)

- [AppFlowy](https://www.appflowy.io/)

- [Affine](https://affine.pro/)

- [SiYuan](https://b3log.org/siyuan/)

- [Scrapbox / Helpfeel](https://scrapbox.io/)