Split View: 현대 전쟁 방위산업 분석: 우크라이나·이란 전쟁에서 배우는 무기체계와 전략 인사이트

Modern Warfare & Defense Industry Analysis: Weapon Systems and Strategic Insights from Ukraine and Iran Conflicts

1. The Paradigm Shift in Modern Warfare

Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, and the 2023-2024 Israel-Hamas-Iran conflicts, have fundamentally transformed the nature of modern warfare. These are not mere regional disputes — they have become the definitive textbooks of 21st-century combat.

From 4th-Generation to 5th-Generation Warfare

4th Generation Warfare (4GW) centered on non-state actors, guerrilla tactics, and information operations. 5th Generation Warfare (5GW) integrates artificial intelligence, drone swarms, cyber attacks, space assets, and deepfake information operations.

The Ukraine war is a living laboratory where both generations coexist. Russia attempted large-scale conventional ground operations reminiscent of World War II, while Ukraine responded with drones, precision strikes, and information warfare — and held the line.

The Drone Revolution: Asymmetric Cost Warfare

The most significant change in modern warfare is cost asymmetry:

• Russian T-72 tank: approximately 3 million USD
• FPV suicide drone: approximately 500-1,000 USD
• Cost ratio: roughly 3,000:1

The reality of a 500-dollar drone destroying a 3-million-dollar tank inverts traditional military power calculations. This asymmetry means even weaker states or non-state actors can inflict catastrophic losses on great powers.

Hybrid Warfare: Conventional + Cyber + Information

The Ukraine war is a genuine hybrid conflict:

• Conventional combat: artillery duels, tank battles, infantry engagements
• Cyber operations: Russian hacking of Ukrainian power grids and financial infrastructure
• Information warfare: social media manipulation to shape global opinion
• Economic warfare: SWIFT sanctions, energy weaponization
• Space domain: Starlink vs. GPS jamming

Civilian Technology as Military Force Multiplier

SpaceX's Starlink satellite internet became the backbone of Ukrainian tactical communications. Commercial satellite imagery from Planet Labs and Maxar tracked Russian military movements in near real-time. DJI Mavic consumer drones were repurposed as artillery spotters. Open-source intelligence (OSINT) communities of civilians analyzed battlefield data at unprecedented scale.

2. Weapon Systems Validated in the Ukraine War

Drone / UAV Systems

Bayraktar TB2 (Turkey)

The most talked-about weapon of the war's early phase. Unit cost approximately 5 million USD. Carries 14 kg smart munitions and can loiter for 27 hours. In early 2022, TB2s achieved devastating kills against Russian armor and air defense systems.

However, as Russia reinforced its air defenses, TB2 effectiveness declined sharply. The lesson: exceptional against weak air defenses in the opening phase, but vulnerable in a mature Integrated Air Defense System (IADS) environment.

Shahed-136 / Geran-2 (Iran/Russia)

An Iranian-designed kamikaze drone rebranded by Russia as "Geran-2." Unit cost approximately 20,000 USD. Slow (185 km/h) but low radar cross-section makes it difficult to detect. Used en masse against Ukrainian power plants and substations.

Key economic insight: a 20,000-dollar drone destroying tens of millions of dollars of infrastructure. Defense cost vastly exceeds attack cost.

Commercial DJI Mavic Drones Repurposed for War

Consumer drones costing 200-1,500 USD played critical roles:

• Artillery observation and correction
• Dropping grenades and small bombs
• Reconnaissance and surveillance
• Psychological warfare (filming and distributing footage)

Both sides used Chinese DJI drones until DJI halted sales to both Ukraine and Russia — an extraordinary corporate decision driven by the realities of modern conflict.

FPV (First-Person View) Kamikaze Drones

One of the war's most significant game-changers. Pilots wearing VR goggles control fast, maneuverable suicide drones using live first-person camera feeds.

• Production cost: 500-1,000 USD
• Speed: 100-200 km/h
• Precision: capable of targeting window or hatch-sized openings
• Ukrainian monthly production: estimated tens of thousands

FPV drones proved devastatingly effective against tanks, armored vehicles, and artillery positions. Russia adopted the same tactics, establishing drone warfare as the new standard of modern combat.

Ground-Attack Rocket and Missile Systems

HIMARS (High Mobility Artillery Rocket System, USA)

The weapon that changed the war's momentum.

• Range: 80 km with GMLRS munitions, 300+ km with ATACMS
• Accuracy: CEP (Circular Error Probable) within 5 meters
• Mobility: fires and relocates within 20 minutes (shoot-and-scoot)

Between June and August 2022, HIMARS precision strikes on Russian ammunition depots paralyzed Russian artillery operations. This became known as the "HIMARS Effect."

• Estimated Russian ammunition depots destroyed: 400+
• Russian artillery rate of fire dropped dramatically
• Russian offensive operations stalled

Cost efficiency: one GMLRS rocket costs approximately 170,000 USD; the ammunition depot it destroys may be worth hundreds of millions.

ATACMS (Army Tactical Missile System)

The longer-range variant with a 165-300 km range. After Ukraine received ATACMS in late 2023, it struck deep into Russian-occupied territory, including targets in Crimea.

Storm Shadow / SCALP-EG (UK/France)

• Range: 250-560 km depending on variant
• Warhead: 450 kg penetrating warhead
• Stealth design: difficult to detect on radar

Used to strike Russian logistics nodes, command posts, and strategic targets across occupied territory, including attacks near the Kerch Bridge.

Air Defense Systems

NASAMS (National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System)

A joint US-Norwegian medium-range air defense system.

• Engagement altitude: 30 m to 15 km
• Engagement range: 25 km
• Missile: AIM-120 AMRAAM family
• Reported intercept rate against Shahed drones: 100% in Ukrainian operations

Key advantage: multiple guidance modes (active, semi-active, infrared) allow engagement of diverse threats. Operated by Norway, Finland, Spain, the Netherlands, and other NATO nations.

Patriot PAC-3

• Engagement altitude: up to 40 km (PAC-3)
• Range: up to 100 km
• Primary targets: ballistic missiles, cruise missiles

In 2023, Ukraine claimed to have intercepted Russia's Kinzhal hypersonic missile using Patriot. Russia denied it, but Western analysts considered it plausible — making it the first claimed real-world intercept of a hypersonic missile.

IRIS-T SLM (Germany)

Developed by German company DIEHL Defence, integrating short and medium-range defense.

• Range: 40 km
• Altitude: 20 km
• Reaction time: seconds

Demonstrated effectiveness against Shahed drones, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles in Ukrainian operations.

Gepard Anti-Aircraft Self-Propelled Gun (Germany)

Twin 35mm autocannons with radar-guided automatic fire. Firing at 1,100 rounds per minute, extremely effective against low-altitude drones. More economical to operate than missile-based systems in a war of attrition.

Ground Forces

Leopard 2 (Germany)

The 2023 decision to supply Western main battle tanks to Ukraine was a historic milestone. Leopard 2A4 and A6 variants were deployed.

Results were mixed. During the summer 2023 counteroffensive, some Leopard 2s were disabled by Russian mines, FPV drones, and anti-tank missiles. However, crew survivability after penetration was dramatically higher than Russian tanks — no "cook-off" ammunition explosions.

The Russian T-72/T-80 "Turret-Toss" Phenomenon

Russian tank autoloaders store ammunition in a rotating carousel below the turret crew compartment. When a penetrating round reaches the ammunition storage, the stored rounds detonate in a catastrophic chain explosion, sending the turret dozens of meters into the air. This became known as "turret tossing" or the "popcorn tank" effect. Russia lost thousands of tanks (estimated 2,000-3,000).

Javelin Anti-Tank Missile

• Range: 75-2,500 m
• Warhead: direct-attack and top-attack modes
• Cost: approximately 180,000 USD per missile (240,000 USD with launcher)

"Fire and forget" capability allows the operator to take cover immediately after launch. Top-attack mode targets the thinnest armor on the vehicle's roof. Javelin became a cultural icon in Ukraine — images of a "Saint Javelin" appeared in Ukrainian churches and on merchandise.

3. Lessons from the Israel-Iran Conflict (2024)

Analysis of Iran's April 2024 Strike on Israel

On April 13-14, 2024, Iran launched the first direct military attack in its history against Israel.

Attack composition:

• Approximately 170 Shahed suicide drones
• Approximately 30 cruise missiles
• Approximately 120 ballistic missiles
• Estimated total cost: around 100 million USD

Israel's multi-layer defense result:

• Arrow 3: exo-atmospheric intercept of ballistic missiles before atmospheric entry
• Arrow 2: endo-atmospheric ballistic missile intercept
• David's Sling: medium-range ballistic and cruise missiles
• Iron Dome: short-range rockets and drones
• F-15/F-16 fighter intercepts
• Active support from US, UK, Jordan, and France

Outcome: 99%+ intercept rate. Minimal damage to Israeli territory.

Cost comparison:

• Iran's attack cost: approximately 100 million USD
• Israel's defense cost: approximately 1-1.3 billion USD
• Ratio: 1 dollar of attack cost to 10-13 dollars of defense cost

This asymmetry reveals the fundamental economic problem of missile defense.

Israel's Layered Air Defense: From Iron Dome to Arrow 3

Israel's air defense architecture is the world's most battle-tested integrated system.

Iron Dome's Limits and Lessons:

Iron Dome excels against single or low-volume attacks, but faces saturation risk when mass salvos are launched simultaneously. During the Gaza war, Hamas's tactic of firing dozens to hundreds of rockets simultaneously allowed some to break through.

Interceptor missile cost: approximately 50,000-100,000 USD per shot. Qassam rocket cost: approximately 800 USD. The economic asymmetry structurally disadvantages the defender.

Technical Lessons from the Gaza War

Tunnel Network Countermeasures:

Hamas's underground tunnel network in Gaza (the "Gaza Metro") neutralized Israeli air superiority. Even GBU-28 bunker-buster bombs cannot destroy deep tunnels. Robotic systems (robot dogs, small ground vehicles) were deployed for tunnel exploration but remain in early development.

The Urban Warfare Dilemma:

No matter how precise strike capabilities become, civilian infrastructure entangled with military targets in urban environments makes minimizing collateral damage extremely difficult. This represents the central ethical and strategic dilemma of modern warfare.

4. Major Defense Industry Company Analysis

US Defense Companies

Lockheed Martin (LMT)

The world's largest defense contractor.

Key products: F-35 stealth fighter, HIMARS, Javelin, Patriot missile systems, F-16, C-130

• 2024 revenue: approximately 70 billion USD
• Employees: approximately 110,000
• Ukraine war beneficiary: Javelin and HIMARS demand surge, production capacity expansion

The F-35 is the cornerstone of Western air power, currently ordered or operated by 16+ nations. Unit cost: approximately 80-120 million USD depending on variant.

Raytheon Technologies (RTX)

One of the world's largest missile and sensor companies.

Key products: Patriot missile system, NASAMS, AIM-120 AMRAAM, Stinger missile, radar systems

Stinger missiles (shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles) gained renewed attention after decades of reduced production. Ukraine's demand required restarting 1980s-era production lines — a process complicated by supply chain reconstruction that took years. This exposed the risks of post-Cold War defense industrial base erosion.

Northrop Grumman (NOC)

• B-21 Raider stealth bomber: next-generation nuclear deterrent
• GBSD (Ground Based Strategic Deterrent): next-generation ICBM
• E-2D Hawkeye: carrier-based airborne early warning
• Autonomous systems development

General Dynamics (GD)

• M1A2 Abrams tank: US Army main battle tank
• Stryker armored vehicle
• Virginia-class nuclear submarines
• Gulfstream business aircraft

L3Harris Technologies

Specialized in communications, electronic warfare, and intelligence systems. Military communications equipment, night-vision devices, electronic warfare platforms.

European Defense Companies

MBDA (European joint venture: Airbus 37.5% + BAE Systems 37.5% + Leonardo 25%)

• Meteor air-to-air missile: 200+ km range, carried by F-35 and Eurofighter
• Aster 15/30: naval surface-to-air missile
• Storm Shadow/SCALP: long-range cruise missile
• Exocet: anti-ship missile (famous since the Falklands War)

Rheinmetall (Germany)

One of the greatest beneficiaries of the Ukraine war.

• Leopard tank production and maintenance
• 155mm artillery shell production (Europe's largest capacity)
• Lynx IFV: next-generation infantry fighting vehicle
• Stock price tripled between 2022 and 2024
• Order backlog exceeded 30 billion euros by 2024

European ammunition stocks were depleted by Ukraine aid, making Rheinmetall's production capacity a strategic asset. Germany's defense spending increase (targeting 2% of GDP) directly benefits Rheinmetall.

BAE Systems (UK)

• CV90 infantry fighting vehicle: co-developed with Sweden, widely used in northern Europe
• AS-90 self-propelled howitzer (supplied to Ukraine)
• Challenger 2 tank
• Unmanned surface vessel programs
• F-35 fuselage sections (supplied to Lockheed Martin)

Saab (Sweden)

• JAS-39 Gripen: cost-effective multi-role fighter
• RBS-70 NG: air defense system
• Carl-Gustaf recoilless rifle: used by 50+ nations for infantry fire support
• GlobalEye airborne early warning aircraft

Leonardo (Italy)

• AW139/AW101 military helicopters
• AESA radar systems
• Electronic warfare equipment

Israeli Defense Companies

Israel's defense industry combines real-world combat experience with cutting-edge innovation — a uniquely tested ecosystem.

Elbit Systems

• Drone (UAV) systems: Hermes series
• Electronic warfare and EW systems
• C4I (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence) systems
• Soldier modernization equipment (night vision, helmet-mounted displays)
• Order intake hit quarterly records repeatedly through 2023-2024

Rafael Advanced Defense Systems

• Iron Dome: exported globally (competing with South Korea's Cheongung)
• Trophy APS (Active Protection System): fitted to Abrams and Leopard tanks
• Spike anti-tank missile: exported to 40+ nations
• David's Sling

Trophy APS demonstrated its value in the Ukraine war, where Western tanks faced drone and missile top-attack threats. It automatically detects and intercepts incoming threats before they reach the vehicle.

Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI)

• Harop loitering munition: tracks and destroys radar emitters autonomously (SEAD missions)
• Barak air defense system
• Arrow 2/3 (co-developed with Boeing)
• Satellite systems

Turkish Defense Industry

Baykar

• Bayraktar TB2: one of the world's most exported military drones (30+ nations including Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Poland)
• Akinci: next-generation drone twice the size of TB2, capable of carrying cruise missiles
• Kizilelma: jet-powered stealth UAV in development

ASELSAN

• Military electronic warfare and communications
• Air defense system electronics
• Cybersecurity solutions

South Korean Defense Industry (K-Defense)

The Ukraine war accelerated South Korea's rise as a global defense exporter. South Korea combines NATO-standard weapons interoperability (from its US alliance) with competitive pricing and fast delivery schedules.

Hanwha Aerospace

• K9 Thunder self-propelled howitzer: Poland signed for 672 units — the largest SPH export deal in history
  • Contract value: approximately 3.8 billion USD
  • Delivery: extraordinarily fast compared to European and US alternatives
• AS21 Redback IFV: competing to replace the M2 Bradley in Australia
• Chunmoo MLRS: comparable to HIMARS in role

Hyundai Rotem

• K2 Black Panther tank: Poland contracted 180 (first batch) with 820 more under negotiation
  • Priced significantly below Leopard 2
  • Features advanced active protection and composite armor
• K21 infantry fighting vehicle

LIG Nex1

• Cheongung-II (M-SAM): medium-range air defense system
  • UAE contract: approximately 4 trillion Korean won (2022)
  • Saudi Arabia negotiations ongoing
• Bigung: lightweight surface-to-air missile
• Haeseong anti-ship missile

KAI (Korea Aerospace Industries)

• FA-50 light combat aircraft: Poland (48 units, 3.36 billion USD), Malaysia (18 units)
• KF-21 Boramae: indigenous supersonic fighter, production phase beginning 2026

South Korean defense export trend:

• 2020: 3 billion USD
• 2021: 7.2 billion USD
• 2022: 17.3 billion USD (world's 9th largest defense exporter)
• Target: Top-4 defense exporter by 2027

5. Analysis of Effective Strategies

Drone Asymmetric Strategy

Drone Economics in a War of Attrition:

The Ukraine war has established drones as the primary tool of modern attrition warfare.

• Estimated Ukrainian monthly drone losses: 10,000+
• Both sides racing to expand production capacity
• Ukraine targeting monthly production in the hundreds of thousands by 2024

Drone swarm tactics use mass to overwhelm air defenses. When ten drones approach simultaneously, interceptor stocks deplete or processing capacity is overwhelmed. The attacker wins economically even if most drones are shot down.

Loitering Munitions Strategy:

• Lancet (Russia): tracks and destroys radar and artillery assets
• Switchblade 300/600 (USA): attacks personnel and armored vehicles
• Harop (Israel): autonomously tracks and destroys radar emitters

These weapons loiter for minutes to hours, then attack when a target is identified. They represent a conceptual hybrid between traditional artillery and drones.

Precision Strike Strategy: Targeting the Center of Gravity

HIMARS's success is a modern implementation of Clausewitz's center of gravity (Schwerpunkt) concept.

Russia's center of gravity: ammunition supply. HIMARS precisely struck Russian ammunition depots deep behind the front lines, paralyzed Russian artillery operations without needing to engage Russian soldiers directly. This proved far more efficient than attrition on the front line.

Lesson: striking the source of enemy combat power (logistics, command, communications) is strategically superior to attriting frontline forces.

Multi-Layer Air Defense Strategy

Israel's layered air defense model has become the global standard:

1. Outer layer: Arrow 3 (exo-atmospheric, early-phase ballistic missile intercept)
2. Long-range: Arrow 2, Patriot (ballistic missiles, medium range)
3. Mid-range: David's Sling, NASAMS (cruise missiles, medium-range ballistic)
4. Close-range: Iron Dome, IRIS-T, Gepard (rockets, drones, short-range)
5. Last resort: fighter jet intercepts

Core principle: Never rely on a single system. Each layer functions independently while complementing the others.

Electronic Warfare (EW)

GPS Jamming and Countermeasures:

Russia deployed extensive GPS jamming capabilities. GPS-guided munitions experienced significant accuracy degradation.

Countermeasures:

• INS (Inertial Navigation System) backup: autonomous navigation without GPS
• Terrain-matching navigation
• Multi-constellation receivers (GPS + GLONASS + Galileo + BeiDou)

Drone Jamming:

Russia deployed drone jamming systems en masse. Ukraine responded by developing fiber-optic guided drones (jam-resistant), AI-autonomous navigation drones, and frequency-hopping electronics.

EW lesson: advanced electronic warfare capability is non-negotiable in modern combat. The "jamming vs. anti-jamming" technology race has no end state.

Civil-Military Technology Fusion (Dual-Use Technology)

Starlink's Military Revolution:

SpaceX's commercial satellite internet changed the form of warfare itself.

• High-speed internet connectivity anywhere on the battlefield
• Real-time drone video transmission
• Artillery fire correction via tablet interface
• Distributed command architecture (no single command post required)

Russia pressured SpaceX to restrict Starlink service, creating friction between US government policy and corporate decision-making that played out publicly during the war.

6. The Future Shape of Warfare

Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS)

AI-Driven Autonomous Drones:

Current drones require human operators or remote pilots. Next-generation systems will have AI autonomously identify and engage targets.

• Israel's Harpy: autonomously tracks and destroys radar emitters (partial autonomy)
• KARGU-2 (Turkey): AI-based swarm drone; reported autonomous attack in Libya
• US Replicator Initiative: developing thousands of small autonomous drones for near-peer conflict

Loyal Wingman Concept:

Manned aircraft operating alongside AI-controlled unmanned wingmen.

• US CCA (Collaborative Combat Aircraft): unmanned aircraft supporting F-35 operations
• Australia's MQ-28 Ghost Bat
• UK Mosquito

Human pilots command multiple unmanned aircraft from their cockpit. Unmanned aircraft execute high-risk missions (SEAD, reconnaissance) while manned aircraft command from a safer distance.

The Hypersonic Competition

Russia's Kinzhal (Dagger):

• Speed: Mach 10+ (approximately 12,000 km/h)
• Range: 2,000+ km
• Payload: 500 kg conventional or nuclear warhead

Russia claims Kinzhal is "unstoppable," but Ukraine's claim to have intercepted it with Patriot in 2023 is disputed by Russia and remains contested in Western analysis.

China's DF-17:

Hypersonic Glide Vehicle (HGV) warhead. Glides at Mach 5-10 while maneuvering, designed to defeat existing ballistic missile defense systems.

US Hypersonic Programs:

• ARRW (Air-launched Rapid Response Weapon): air-launched hypersonic missile
• LRHW (Long Range Hypersonic Weapon): Army ground-launched system
• Conventional Prompt Strike (CPS): Navy submarine-launched system

The US started later than Russia and China but is investing heavily through 2024-2025.

Strategic implications of hypersonics:

Traditional ballistic missiles follow predictable parabolic trajectories. Hypersonic weapons glide and maneuver within the atmosphere at Mach 5-10, making trajectory prediction extremely difficult. Existing air defense radar and intercept algorithms are rendered ineffective. Directed Energy Weapons (lasers) are receiving increased investment as potential countermeasures.

Cyber-Information Warfare Integration

Cyber-Enabled Kill Chains:

In modern warfare, it has become standard to precede kinetic (physical) attacks with cyber attacks to disable defensive systems.

• February 2022: Russia hacked Viasat KA-SAT satellite communications serving Ukraine
• Power grid SCADA system attacks
• Command system cyber intrusions

Deepfake and AI Information Warfare:

• March 2022: Fake video of Zelensky "surrendering" — immediately debunked, demonstrating AI information warfare's limits
• AI-generated images distorting battlefield reality
• Social media algorithm manipulation to shape public opinion

Space Warfare

Military Satellite Vulnerability:

Modern military operations depend absolutely on GPS satellites, communications satellites, and reconnaissance satellites.

• China's ASAT (Anti-Satellite) weapon tests: 2007, 2021
• Russia's satellite intercept missiles
• Orbital jamming, lasers, and cyber attacks

The Militarization of Starlink and Its Dilemma:

Starlink is a commercial service that became critical to Ukrainian military operations. This raises novel questions under international space law and the laws of armed conflict: when does civilian space infrastructure become a legitimate military target?

7. Defense Investment and Geopolitical Insights

NATO Defense Spending Surge

NATO requires member nations to spend at least 2% of GDP on defense. Before the Ukraine war, only a handful met this target. Today, a majority of NATO members meet or exceed it.

• Poland: 4%+ of GDP (borders Russia and Belarus)
• Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania: 3-4%
• Germany: announced 100 billion euro special defense fund in 2022, now meeting 2%
• Japan: targeting increase from 1% to 2% of GDP by 2027

European Rearmament Trend

The post-Cold War "peace dividend" era is over. Europe is rebuilding defense capabilities reduced over 30 years of relative peace.

• European 155mm artillery shell stocks depleted by Ukraine aid
• Rebuilding defense production capacity will take 5-10 years
• European defense company order backlogs at record highs

The Strategic Opportunity for K-Defense

South Korean defense strengths:

1. Battle-proven capability: continuous development and operations since the Korean War
2. Price competitiveness: 30-50% cheaper than US and European alternatives
3. Fast delivery: responded to Poland's urgent post-Ukraine invasion demand
4. Western interoperability: NATO-standard munitions and communications
5. Technology transfer willingness: licensed local production to Poland

Defense Stock Investment Characteristics

Defense companies are classic defensive (non-cyclical) equities:

• Low sensitivity to economic cycles (war and security demand is decoupled from the economy)
• Revenue stability from long-term government contracts
• High barriers to entry (technology, regulatory approval, established relationships)
• Political risk (regime changes, export control changes)

Major defense stock P/E ratios (2024 reference):

• Lockheed Martin: approximately 16-18x
• Raytheon: approximately 20-22x
• Northrop Grumman: approximately 15-17x
• Rheinmetall: approximately 25-30x (growth premium)
• Hanwha Aerospace: approximately 25-35x

Quiz: Test Your Understanding of Modern Warfare and Defense

Conclusion: How Modern Warfare Is Reshaping the Global Security Order

The Ukraine war and the Israel-Iran conflict have delivered clear, actionable lessons:

1. Drone democratization: low-cost drones relativize traditional military power advantages
2. The economics of air defense: defense costs are structurally higher than attack costs
3. Precision strike's decisive role: HIMARS-style center-of-gravity attacks are more efficient than attrition warfare
4. Civilian technology militarization: Starlink, commercial drones, and OSINT transformed warfare
5. Industrial production capacity: in the end, war is a competition over who can produce faster and in greater quantities

For democracies including South Korea, these lessons emphasize the necessity of expanding defense investment, advancing defense technology, and deepening international security cooperation. Peace is granted to those who are prepared for it.