Split View: TensorFlow & Keras 완전 정복 가이드: Zero to Hero - 설치부터 프로덕션 배포까지

# CPU 전용
pip install tensorflow

# GPU 지원 (CUDA 자동 감지, TF 2.9+)
pip install tensorflow[and-cuda]

# 특정 버전
pip install tensorflow==2.15.0

# conda 환경
conda create -n tf_env python=3.10
conda activate tf_env
conda install -c conda-forge tensorflow

pip install tensorflow-macos
pip install tensorflow-metal  # GPU 가속

import tensorflow as tf
print(tf.__version__)

# Eager execution 확인
print(tf.executing_eagerly())  # True

# TF 1.x 스타일의 그래프 실행 (호환성)
@tf.function
def compute(x, y):
    return x + y

result = compute(tf.constant(1.0), tf.constant(2.0))
print(result)  # tf.Tensor(3.0, shape=(), dtype=float32)

import tensorflow as tf

# GPU 목록 확인
gpus = tf.config.list_physical_devices('GPU')
print("사용 가능한 GPU:", gpus)

# GPU 메모리 증분 할당 (OOM 방지)
if gpus:
    for gpu in gpus:
        tf.config.experimental.set_memory_growth(gpu, True)

# 특정 GPU만 사용
if gpus:
    tf.config.set_visible_devices(gpus[0], 'GPU')

# 논리적 GPU 분할 (하나의 물리 GPU를 여러 개처럼 사용)
if gpus:
    tf.config.set_logical_device_configuration(
        gpus[0],
        [tf.config.LogicalDeviceConfiguration(memory_limit=2048),
         tf.config.LogicalDeviceConfiguration(memory_limit=2048)]
    )

# 현재 연산이 실행되는 디바이스 확인
with tf.device('/GPU:0'):
    a = tf.constant([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]])
    b = tf.constant([[5.0, 6.0], [7.0, 8.0]])
    c = tf.matmul(a, b)
    print(c.device)

import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np

# 스칼라 (0차원 텐서)
scalar = tf.constant(42)
print(scalar)          # tf.Tensor(42, shape=(), dtype=int32)
print(scalar.dtype)    # tf.int32
print(scalar.shape)    # ()

# 벡터 (1차원 텐서)
vector = tf.constant([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
print(vector)          # tf.Tensor([1. 2. 3.], shape=(3,), dtype=float32)

# 행렬 (2차원 텐서)
matrix = tf.constant([[1, 2, 3],
                       [4, 5, 6]], dtype=tf.float32)
print(matrix.shape)    # (2, 3)

# 3차원 텐서
tensor_3d = tf.constant([[[1, 2], [3, 4]],
                          [[5, 6], [7, 8]]])
print(tensor_3d.shape)  # (2, 2, 2)

# 특수 텐서
zeros = tf.zeros([3, 4])          # 0으로 채운 3x4 행렬
ones = tf.ones([2, 3])            # 1로 채운 2x3 행렬
identity = tf.eye(4)              # 4x4 단위 행렬
random = tf.random.normal([3, 3]) # 정규분포 랜덤 행렬

# tf.Variable - 학습 파라미터에 사용 (값 변경 가능)
var = tf.Variable([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
print(var)             # <tf.Variable 'Variable:0' ...>

var.assign([4.0, 5.0, 6.0])      # 값 변경
var.assign_add([1.0, 1.0, 1.0])  # 더하기
var.assign_sub([0.5, 0.5, 0.5])  # 빼기

import tensorflow as tf

a = tf.constant([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]])
b = tf.constant([[5.0, 6.0], [7.0, 8.0]])

# 기본 산술 연산 (element-wise)
print(a + b)         # 덧셈
print(a - b)         # 뺄셈
print(a * b)         # 곱셈 (element-wise)
print(a / b)         # 나눗셈
print(a ** 2)        # 제곱

# 동등한 TF 함수들
print(tf.add(a, b))
print(tf.subtract(a, b))
print(tf.multiply(a, b))
print(tf.divide(a, b))

# 행렬 곱셈
print(tf.matmul(a, b))   # 또는 a @ b
print(a @ b)

# 수학 함수
x = tf.constant([1.0, 4.0, 9.0, 16.0])
print(tf.sqrt(x))        # [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(tf.exp(x))         # e^x
print(tf.math.log(x))    # 자연로그

# 집계 연산
matrix = tf.constant([[1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
                       [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]])
print(tf.reduce_sum(matrix))           # 전체 합: 21
print(tf.reduce_sum(matrix, axis=0))   # 열별 합: [5, 7, 9]
print(tf.reduce_sum(matrix, axis=1))   # 행별 합: [6, 15]
print(tf.reduce_mean(matrix))          # 평균
print(tf.reduce_max(matrix))           # 최대값
print(tf.reduce_min(matrix))           # 최소값
print(tf.argmax(matrix, axis=1))       # 행별 최대값 인덱스

# 비교 연산
print(tf.equal(a, b))
print(tf.greater(a, b))
print(tf.less_equal(a, b))

import tensorflow as tf

t = tf.constant([[1, 2, 3, 4],
                 [5, 6, 7, 8]])
print(t.shape)  # (2, 4)

# reshape
reshaped = tf.reshape(t, [4, 2])
print(reshaped.shape)  # (4, 2)

reshaped2 = tf.reshape(t, [8])
print(reshaped2.shape)  # (8,)

reshaped3 = tf.reshape(t, [-1, 2])  # -1은 자동 계산
print(reshaped3.shape)  # (4, 2)

# transpose
transposed = tf.transpose(t)
print(transposed.shape)  # (4, 2)

# 고차원 transpose
t3d = tf.random.normal([2, 3, 4])
transposed_3d = tf.transpose(t3d, perm=[0, 2, 1])
print(transposed_3d.shape)  # (2, 4, 3)

# expand_dims - 차원 추가
t1d = tf.constant([1, 2, 3])
print(t1d.shape)             # (3,)

expanded_0 = tf.expand_dims(t1d, axis=0)
print(expanded_0.shape)      # (1, 3)

expanded_1 = tf.expand_dims(t1d, axis=1)
print(expanded_1.shape)      # (3, 1)

# squeeze - 크기 1인 차원 제거
t_squeezable = tf.constant([[[1, 2, 3]]])
print(t_squeezable.shape)    # (1, 1, 3)
squeezed = tf.squeeze(t_squeezable)
print(squeezed.shape)        # (3,)

# concat과 stack
a = tf.constant([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
b = tf.constant([[5, 6], [7, 8]])

concat_0 = tf.concat([a, b], axis=0)
print(concat_0.shape)  # (4, 2)

concat_1 = tf.concat([a, b], axis=1)
print(concat_1.shape)  # (2, 4)

stacked = tf.stack([a, b], axis=0)
print(stacked.shape)   # (2, 2, 2)

import tensorflow as tf

# 스칼라 broadcasting
matrix = tf.constant([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]])
print(matrix + 10)    # 모든 원소에 10 더함

# 벡터 broadcasting
row_vector = tf.constant([10.0, 20.0])  # shape (2,)
print(matrix + row_vector)  # 각 행에 row_vector 더함

col_vector = tf.constant([[10.0], [20.0]])  # shape (2, 1)
print(matrix + col_vector)  # 각 열에 col_vector 더함

# 배치 연산에서의 broadcasting
batch = tf.random.normal([32, 128])  # 배치 크기 32, 특징 128
mean = tf.reduce_mean(batch, axis=0, keepdims=True)  # shape (1, 128)
std = tf.math.reduce_std(batch, axis=0, keepdims=True)
normalized = (batch - mean) / (std + 1e-8)  # broadcasting 적용

import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np

# NumPy -> TensorFlow
np_array = np.array([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]])
tf_tensor = tf.constant(np_array)
tf_tensor2 = tf.convert_to_tensor(np_array)

# TensorFlow -> NumPy
numpy_from_tf = tf_tensor.numpy()
print(type(numpy_from_tf))  # numpy.ndarray

# tf.Tensor는 NumPy 함수 대부분 직접 사용 가능
print(np.sin(tf_tensor))
print(np.sqrt(tf_tensor))

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers

# 방법 1: add() 메서드
model = keras.Sequential()
model.add(layers.Dense(128, activation='relu', input_shape=(784,)))
model.add(layers.Dropout(0.2))
model.add(layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.Dropout(0.2))
model.add(layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax'))

# 방법 2: 리스트로 정의
model = keras.Sequential([
    layers.Dense(128, activation='relu', input_shape=(784,)),
    layers.Dropout(0.2),
    layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'),
    layers.Dropout(0.2),
    layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')
])

# 모델 구조 확인
model.summary()

# 컴파일
model.compile(
    optimizer='adam',                        # 또는 keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=0.001)
    loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',  # 정수 레이블
    metrics=['accuracy']
)

# 다양한 optimizer와 loss
model.compile(
    optimizer=keras.optimizers.SGD(learning_rate=0.01, momentum=0.9),
    loss=keras.losses.CategoricalCrossentropy(),
    metrics=[keras.metrics.CategoricalAccuracy()]
)

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# 데이터 로딩
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = keras.datasets.mnist.load_data()

# 전처리
x_train = x_train.astype('float32') / 255.0
x_test = x_test.astype('float32') / 255.0
x_train = x_train.reshape(-1, 784)
x_test = x_test.reshape(-1, 784)

print(f"훈련 데이터: {x_train.shape}, 레이블: {y_train.shape}")
print(f"테스트 데이터: {x_test.shape}, 레이블: {y_test.shape}")

# 모델 정의
model = keras.Sequential([
    layers.Dense(256, activation='relu', input_shape=(784,)),
    layers.BatchNormalization(),
    layers.Dropout(0.3),
    layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'),
    layers.BatchNormalization(),
    layers.Dropout(0.3),
    layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')
])

model.summary()

# 컴파일
model.compile(
    optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=1e-3),
    loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
    metrics=['accuracy']
)

# 훈련
history = model.fit(
    x_train, y_train,
    batch_size=128,
    epochs=20,
    validation_split=0.1,
    verbose=1
)

# 평가
test_loss, test_acc = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, verbose=0)
print(f"테스트 손실: {test_loss:.4f}")
print(f"테스트 정확도: {test_acc:.4f}")

# 예측
predictions = model.predict(x_test[:10])
predicted_classes = tf.argmax(predictions, axis=1)
print("예측:", predicted_classes.numpy())
print("실제:", y_test[:10])

# 학습 곡선 시각화
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 4))

ax1.plot(history.history['loss'], label='훈련 손실')
ax1.plot(history.history['val_loss'], label='검증 손실')
ax1.set_title('손실')
ax1.set_xlabel('에포크')
ax1.legend()

ax2.plot(history.history['accuracy'], label='훈련 정확도')
ax2.plot(history.history['val_accuracy'], label='검증 정확도')
ax2.set_title('정확도')
ax2.set_xlabel('에포크')
ax2.legend()

plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig('mnist_training.png')
plt.show()

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers

# 입력 정의
inputs = keras.Input(shape=(784,), name='input_layer')

# 레이어 연결 (함수처럼 호출)
x = layers.Dense(256, activation='relu', name='dense_1')(inputs)
x = layers.BatchNormalization(name='bn_1')(x)
x = layers.Dropout(0.3, name='dropout_1')(x)
x = layers.Dense(128, activation='relu', name='dense_2')(x)
x = layers.BatchNormalization(name='bn_2')(x)
x = layers.Dropout(0.3, name='dropout_2')(x)
outputs = layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax', name='output')(x)

# 모델 생성
model = keras.Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=outputs, name='mnist_model')
model.summary()

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers

# 다중 입력 모델 예시: 이미지 + 메타데이터 결합
# 이미지 입력
image_input = keras.Input(shape=(32, 32, 3), name='image')
x1 = layers.Conv2D(32, 3, activation='relu')(image_input)
x1 = layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D()(x1)
x1 = layers.Dense(64, activation='relu')(x1)

# 메타데이터 입력
meta_input = keras.Input(shape=(10,), name='metadata')
x2 = layers.Dense(32, activation='relu')(meta_input)

# 결합
combined = layers.concatenate([x1, x2])
combined = layers.Dense(64, activation='relu')(combined)

# 다중 출력
main_output = layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid', name='main_output')(combined)
aux_output = layers.Dense(5, activation='softmax', name='aux_output')(combined)

# 모델 생성
model = keras.Model(
    inputs=[image_input, meta_input],
    outputs=[main_output, aux_output]
)

# 컴파일 (출력별 손실 및 가중치 지정)
model.compile(
    optimizer='adam',
    loss={
        'main_output': 'binary_crossentropy',
        'aux_output': 'categorical_crossentropy'
    },
    loss_weights={
        'main_output': 1.0,
        'aux_output': 0.2
    },
    metrics={
        'main_output': ['accuracy'],
        'aux_output': ['accuracy']
    }
)

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers

def residual_block(x, filters, stride=1):
    """ResNet 스타일 잔차 블록"""
    shortcut = x

    # 메인 경로
    x = layers.Conv2D(filters, 3, strides=stride, padding='same')(x)
    x = layers.BatchNormalization()(x)
    x = layers.ReLU()(x)
    x = layers.Conv2D(filters, 3, padding='same')(x)
    x = layers.BatchNormalization()(x)

    # 채널 수나 크기가 다를 경우 shortcut 조정
    if stride != 1 or shortcut.shape[-1] != filters:
        shortcut = layers.Conv2D(filters, 1, strides=stride)(shortcut)
        shortcut = layers.BatchNormalization()(shortcut)

    # 잔차 더하기
    x = layers.add([x, shortcut])
    x = layers.ReLU()(x)
    return x

# ResNet 스타일 모델 구성
inputs = keras.Input(shape=(32, 32, 3))
x = layers.Conv2D(64, 7, strides=2, padding='same')(inputs)
x = layers.BatchNormalization()(x)
x = layers.ReLU()(x)
x = layers.MaxPooling2D(3, strides=2, padding='same')(x)

x = residual_block(x, 64)
x = residual_block(x, 64)
x = residual_block(x, 128, stride=2)
x = residual_block(x, 128)
x = residual_block(x, 256, stride=2)
x = residual_block(x, 256)

x = layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D()(x)
x = layers.Dense(256, activation='relu')(x)
outputs = layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')(x)

model = keras.Model(inputs, outputs, name='mini_resnet')
model.summary()

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers

# 공유 인코더 정의
shared_encoder = keras.Sequential([
    layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'),
    layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'),
    layers.Dense(32)
], name='shared_encoder')

# 두 개의 입력
input_a = keras.Input(shape=(100,), name='input_a')
input_b = keras.Input(shape=(100,), name='input_b')

# 같은 인코더로 처리
encoded_a = shared_encoder(input_a)
encoded_b = shared_encoder(input_b)

# 거리 계산 (Cosine Similarity)
similarity = layers.Dot(axes=1, normalize=True)([encoded_a, encoded_b])
output = layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')(similarity)

siamese_model = keras.Model(inputs=[input_a, input_b], outputs=output)
siamese_model.summary()

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras

class MyDenseLayer(keras.layers.Layer):
    def __init__(self, units, activation=None, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.units = units
        self.activation = keras.activations.get(activation)

    def build(self, input_shape):
        # 가중치 초기화 (build는 첫 번째 호출 시 한 번만 실행)
        self.w = self.add_weight(
            name='kernel',
            shape=(input_shape[-1], self.units),
            initializer='glorot_uniform',
            trainable=True
        )
        self.b = self.add_weight(
            name='bias',
            shape=(self.units,),
            initializer='zeros',
            trainable=True
        )
        super().build(input_shape)

    def call(self, inputs, training=False):
        output = tf.matmul(inputs, self.w) + self.b
        if self.activation is not None:
            output = self.activation(output)
        return output

    def get_config(self):
        config = super().get_config()
        config.update({'units': self.units, 'activation': keras.activations.serialize(self.activation)})
        return config

# 사용
layer = MyDenseLayer(64, activation='relu')
x = tf.random.normal([32, 128])
y = layer(x)
print(y.shape)  # (32, 64)


class MultiHeadSelfAttention(keras.layers.Layer):
    """간단한 멀티헤드 셀프어텐션 레이어"""
    def __init__(self, embed_dim, num_heads, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.embed_dim = embed_dim
        self.num_heads = num_heads
        self.head_dim = embed_dim // num_heads
        assert self.head_dim * num_heads == embed_dim

        self.wq = keras.layers.Dense(embed_dim)
        self.wk = keras.layers.Dense(embed_dim)
        self.wv = keras.layers.Dense(embed_dim)
        self.wo = keras.layers.Dense(embed_dim)

    def split_heads(self, x, batch_size):
        x = tf.reshape(x, (batch_size, -1, self.num_heads, self.head_dim))
        return tf.transpose(x, perm=[0, 2, 1, 3])

    def call(self, x, training=False):
        batch_size = tf.shape(x)[0]
        seq_len = tf.shape(x)[1]

        q = self.split_heads(self.wq(x), batch_size)
        k = self.split_heads(self.wk(x), batch_size)
        v = self.split_heads(self.wv(x), batch_size)

        # 스케일드 닷 프로덕트 어텐션
        scale = tf.cast(self.head_dim, tf.float32) ** 0.5
        scores = tf.matmul(q, k, transpose_b=True) / scale
        weights = tf.nn.softmax(scores, axis=-1)
        context = tf.matmul(weights, v)

        # 헤드 결합
        context = tf.transpose(context, perm=[0, 2, 1, 3])
        context = tf.reshape(context, (batch_size, seq_len, self.embed_dim))
        return self.wo(context)

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras

class ResidualBlock(keras.layers.Layer):
    def __init__(self, filters, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.conv1 = keras.layers.Conv2D(filters, 3, padding='same')
        self.conv2 = keras.layers.Conv2D(filters, 3, padding='same')
        self.bn1 = keras.layers.BatchNormalization()
        self.bn2 = keras.layers.BatchNormalization()
        self.relu = keras.layers.ReLU()

    def call(self, inputs, training=False):
        x = self.conv1(inputs)
        x = self.bn1(x, training=training)
        x = self.relu(x)
        x = self.conv2(x)
        x = self.bn2(x, training=training)
        x = x + inputs  # 잔차 연결
        return self.relu(x)


class CustomCNN(keras.Model):
    def __init__(self, num_classes=10, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.conv_stem = keras.layers.Conv2D(32, 3, padding='same', activation='relu')
        self.res_block1 = ResidualBlock(32)
        self.res_block2 = ResidualBlock(32)
        self.pool = keras.layers.MaxPooling2D(2)
        self.conv_expand = keras.layers.Conv2D(64, 3, padding='same', activation='relu')
        self.res_block3 = ResidualBlock(64)
        self.gap = keras.layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D()
        self.dropout = keras.layers.Dropout(0.5)
        self.fc = keras.layers.Dense(num_classes, activation='softmax')

    def call(self, inputs, training=False):
        x = self.conv_stem(inputs)
        x = self.res_block1(x, training=training)
        x = self.res_block2(x, training=training)
        x = self.pool(x)
        x = self.conv_expand(x)
        x = self.res_block3(x, training=training)
        x = self.gap(x)
        x = self.dropout(x, training=training)
        return self.fc(x)


# 사용
model = CustomCNN(num_classes=10)
model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])

# 더미 데이터로 테스트
dummy_input = tf.random.normal([4, 32, 32, 3])
output = model(dummy_input, training=False)
print(output.shape)  # (4, 10)
model.summary()

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers

# CIFAR-10 데이터 로딩
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = keras.datasets.cifar10.load_data()
x_train = x_train.astype('float32') / 255.0
x_test = x_test.astype('float32') / 255.0

class_names = ['비행기', '자동차', '새', '고양이', '사슴',
               '개', '개구리', '말', '배', '트럭']

print(f"훈련 데이터: {x_train.shape}")  # (50000, 32, 32, 3)
print(f"테스트 데이터: {x_test.shape}")  # (10000, 32, 32, 3)

# CNN 모델 정의
def build_cnn_model():
    model = keras.Sequential([
        # 첫 번째 합성곱 블록
        layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), padding='same', input_shape=(32, 32, 3)),
        layers.BatchNormalization(),
        layers.Activation('relu'),
        layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), padding='same'),
        layers.BatchNormalization(),
        layers.Activation('relu'),
        layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)),
        layers.Dropout(0.25),

        # 두 번째 합성곱 블록
        layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), padding='same'),
        layers.BatchNormalization(),
        layers.Activation('relu'),
        layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), padding='same'),
        layers.BatchNormalization(),
        layers.Activation('relu'),
        layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)),
        layers.Dropout(0.25),

        # 세 번째 합성곱 블록
        layers.Conv2D(128, (3, 3), padding='same'),
        layers.BatchNormalization(),
        layers.Activation('relu'),
        layers.Conv2D(128, (3, 3), padding='same'),
        layers.BatchNormalization(),
        layers.Activation('relu'),
        layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D(),
        layers.Dropout(0.5),

        # 완전 연결층
        layers.Dense(256, activation='relu'),
        layers.BatchNormalization(),
        layers.Dropout(0.5),
        layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')
    ])
    return model

model = build_cnn_model()
model.summary()

model.compile(
    optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=1e-3),
    loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
    metrics=['accuracy']
)

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers

# Keras 내장 데이터 증강 레이어
data_augmentation = keras.Sequential([
    layers.RandomFlip('horizontal'),
    layers.RandomRotation(0.1),
    layers.RandomZoom(0.1),
    layers.RandomTranslation(0.1, 0.1),
    layers.RandomContrast(0.1),
], name='data_augmentation')

# 모델에 증강 레이어 통합
inputs = keras.Input(shape=(32, 32, 3))
x = data_augmentation(inputs)  # 훈련 시에만 적용됨
x = layers.Rescaling(1./255)(x)  # 정규화

# ... CNN 블록들 ...
x = layers.Conv2D(32, 3, padding='same', activation='relu')(x)
x = layers.MaxPooling2D()(x)
x = layers.Conv2D(64, 3, padding='same', activation='relu')(x)
x = layers.MaxPooling2D()(x)
x = layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D()(x)
outputs = layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')(x)

augmented_model = keras.Model(inputs, outputs)

# tf.data를 이용한 데이터 증강 파이프라인
def augment_image(image, label):
    image = tf.cast(image, tf.float32) / 255.0
    image = tf.image.random_flip_left_right(image)
    image = tf.image.random_brightness(image, 0.2)
    image = tf.image.random_contrast(image, 0.8, 1.2)
    image = tf.image.random_saturation(image, 0.8, 1.2)
    image = tf.image.pad_to_bounding_box(image, 4, 4, 40, 40)
    image = tf.image.random_crop(image, [32, 32, 3])
    return image, label

(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = keras.datasets.cifar10.load_data()
y_train = y_train.flatten()
y_test = y_test.flatten()

train_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x_train, y_train))
train_dataset = train_dataset.map(augment_image, num_parallel_calls=tf.data.AUTOTUNE)
train_dataset = train_dataset.shuffle(10000).batch(128).prefetch(tf.data.AUTOTUNE)

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers
from tensorflow.keras.applications import EfficientNetB0

# EfficientNetB0으로 전이학습
def build_transfer_model(num_classes=10):
    # 사전 훈련된 베이스 모델 (분류기 제외)
    base_model = EfficientNetB0(
        include_top=False,
        weights='imagenet',
        input_shape=(224, 224, 3)
    )

    # 초기에는 베이스 모델 동결
    base_model.trainable = False

    inputs = keras.Input(shape=(224, 224, 3))
    # EfficientNet은 내부에 전처리 포함
    x = base_model(inputs, training=False)
    x = layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D()(x)
    x = layers.Dense(256, activation='relu')(x)
    x = layers.Dropout(0.5)(x)
    outputs = layers.Dense(num_classes, activation='softmax')(x)

    model = keras.Model(inputs, outputs)
    return model, base_model

model, base_model = build_transfer_model(num_classes=10)

model.compile(
    optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(1e-3),
    loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
    metrics=['accuracy']
)

# 1단계: 동결된 상태로 분류기 훈련
# model.fit(train_dataset, epochs=10, ...)

# Fine-tuning: 베이스 모델의 일부 레이어 해동
def fine_tune(model, base_model, fine_tune_at=100):
    base_model.trainable = True
    # fine_tune_at 이전 레이어는 계속 동결
    for layer in base_model.layers[:fine_tune_at]:
        layer.trainable = False

    model.compile(
        optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(1e-5),  # 매우 낮은 학습률
        loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
        metrics=['accuracy']
    )
    return model

# fine_tune(model, base_model, fine_tune_at=100)
# model.fit(train_dataset, epochs=20, ...)

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers
import numpy as np

# 시계열 데이터 생성
def generate_time_series(n_samples, n_steps):
    t = np.linspace(0, 4 * np.pi, n_steps + 1)
    series = np.sin(t) + 0.1 * np.random.randn(n_samples, n_steps + 1)
    X = series[:, :-1].reshape(-1, n_steps, 1)
    y = series[:, 1:].reshape(-1, n_steps, 1)
    return X, y

X_train, y_train = generate_time_series(10000, 50)
X_val, y_val = generate_time_series(1000, 50)
X_test, y_test = generate_time_series(1000, 50)

# LSTM 모델
def build_lstm_model(n_steps=50):
    model = keras.Sequential([
        layers.LSTM(64, return_sequences=True, input_shape=(n_steps, 1)),
        layers.Dropout(0.2),
        layers.LSTM(64, return_sequences=True),
        layers.Dropout(0.2),
        layers.TimeDistributed(layers.Dense(1))
    ])
    model.compile(
        optimizer='adam',
        loss='mse',
        metrics=['mae']
    )
    return model

model = build_lstm_model()
model.summary()

history = model.fit(
    X_train, y_train,
    epochs=20,
    batch_size=128,
    validation_data=(X_val, y_val)
)

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers
import numpy as np

# 예시 텍스트 (실제로는 더 큰 텍스트 사용)
text = """TensorFlow는 구글이 만든 딥러닝 프레임워크입니다.
Keras는 TensorFlow 위에서 동작하는 고수준 API입니다.
두 라이브러리를 함께 사용하면 강력한 딥러닝 모델을 빠르게 구축할 수 있습니다."""

# 문자 집합 생성
chars = sorted(set(text))
char2idx = {c: i for i, c in enumerate(chars)}
idx2char = np.array(chars)
vocab_size = len(chars)

# 텍스트를 인덱스로 변환
text_as_int = np.array([char2idx[c] for c in text])

# 시퀀스 생성
seq_length = 50
sequences = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(text_as_int)
sequences = sequences.batch(seq_length + 1, drop_remainder=True)

def split_input_target(chunk):
    return chunk[:-1], chunk[1:]

dataset = sequences.map(split_input_target)
dataset = dataset.shuffle(100).batch(32, drop_remainder=True)

# 문자 수준 RNN 모델
def build_char_rnn(vocab_size, embed_dim=64, rnn_units=256):
    model = keras.Sequential([
        layers.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_dim),
        layers.GRU(rnn_units, return_sequences=True, stateful=False),
        layers.GRU(rnn_units, return_sequences=True),
        layers.Dense(vocab_size)
    ])
    return model

model = build_char_rnn(vocab_size)
model.compile(
    optimizer='adam',
    loss=keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
    metrics=['accuracy']
)

# 텍스트 생성 함수
def generate_text(model, start_string, num_generate=100, temperature=1.0):
    input_eval = [char2idx[s] for s in start_string]
    input_eval = tf.expand_dims(input_eval, 0)
    text_generated = []

    for _ in range(num_generate):
        predictions = model(input_eval)
        predictions = tf.squeeze(predictions, 0) / temperature
        predicted_id = tf.random.categorical(predictions, num_samples=1)[-1, 0].numpy()
        input_eval = tf.expand_dims([predicted_id], 0)
        text_generated.append(idx2char[predicted_id])

    return start_string + ''.join(text_generated)

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers

# 양방향 LSTM (텍스트 분류)
def build_bidirectional_model(vocab_size, max_len=100, embed_dim=64):
    model = keras.Sequential([
        layers.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_dim, input_length=max_len),
        layers.Bidirectional(layers.LSTM(64, return_sequences=True)),
        layers.Bidirectional(layers.LSTM(32)),
        layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'),
        layers.Dropout(0.5),
        layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')
    ])
    model.compile(
        optimizer='adam',
        loss='binary_crossentropy',
        metrics=['accuracy']
    )
    return model

model = build_bidirectional_model(vocab_size=10000, max_len=100)
model.summary()

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers

class TransformerBlock(keras.layers.Layer):
    def __init__(self, embed_dim, num_heads, ff_dim, rate=0.1, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.att = layers.MultiHeadAttention(num_heads=num_heads, key_dim=embed_dim)
        self.ffn = keras.Sequential([
            layers.Dense(ff_dim, activation='relu'),
            layers.Dense(embed_dim)
        ])
        self.layernorm1 = layers.LayerNormalization(epsilon=1e-6)
        self.layernorm2 = layers.LayerNormalization(epsilon=1e-6)
        self.dropout1 = layers.Dropout(rate)
        self.dropout2 = layers.Dropout(rate)

    def call(self, inputs, training=False):
        attn_output = self.att(inputs, inputs)
        attn_output = self.dropout1(attn_output, training=training)
        out1 = self.layernorm1(inputs + attn_output)

        ffn_output = self.ffn(out1)
        ffn_output = self.dropout2(ffn_output, training=training)
        return self.layernorm2(out1 + ffn_output)


class TokenAndPositionEmbedding(keras.layers.Layer):
    def __init__(self, maxlen, vocab_size, embed_dim, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.token_emb = layers.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_dim)
        self.pos_emb = layers.Embedding(maxlen, embed_dim)

    def call(self, x):
        maxlen = tf.shape(x)[-1]
        positions = tf.range(start=0, limit=maxlen, delta=1)
        positions = self.pos_emb(positions)
        x = self.token_emb(x)
        return x + positions


# 텍스트 분류 Transformer 모델
def build_transformer_classifier(
    vocab_size=20000,
    maxlen=200,
    embed_dim=32,
    num_heads=2,
    ff_dim=32,
    num_classes=2
):
    inputs = layers.Input(shape=(maxlen,))
    embedding_layer = TokenAndPositionEmbedding(maxlen, vocab_size, embed_dim)
    x = embedding_layer(inputs)

    transformer_block = TransformerBlock(embed_dim, num_heads, ff_dim)
    x = transformer_block(x)

    x = layers.GlobalAveragePooling1D()(x)
    x = layers.Dropout(0.1)(x)
    x = layers.Dense(20, activation='relu')(x)
    x = layers.Dropout(0.1)(x)
    outputs = layers.Dense(num_classes, activation='softmax')(x)

    model = keras.Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=outputs)
    return model


model = build_transformer_classifier()
model.compile(
    optimizer='adam',
    loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
    metrics=['accuracy']
)
model.summary()

# IMDB 감성 분류 예시
vocab_size = 20000
maxlen = 200

(x_train, y_train), (x_val, y_val) = keras.datasets.imdb.load_data(num_words=vocab_size)
x_train = keras.preprocessing.sequence.pad_sequences(x_train, maxlen=maxlen)
x_val = keras.preprocessing.sequence.pad_sequences(x_val, maxlen=maxlen)

# model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=32, epochs=5, validation_data=(x_val, y_val))

import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np

# 텐서에서 Dataset 생성
X = np.random.randn(1000, 10)
y = np.random.randint(0, 2, 1000)

dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((X, y))
print(dataset)  # TensorSliceDataset

# 기본 변환
dataset = (dataset
    .shuffle(buffer_size=1000)
    .batch(32)
    .prefetch(tf.data.AUTOTUNE)
)

# 데이터 확인
for batch_X, batch_y in dataset.take(1):
    print(f"배치 X 형태: {batch_X.shape}")  # (32, 10)
    print(f"배치 y 형태: {batch_y.shape}")  # (32,)

# map 변환
def preprocess(x, y):
    x = tf.cast(x, tf.float32)
    y = tf.cast(y, tf.int32)
    x = (x - tf.reduce_mean(x)) / tf.math.reduce_std(x)
    return x, y

dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((X, y))
dataset = dataset.map(preprocess, num_parallel_calls=tf.data.AUTOTUNE)

# filter 변환
positive_dataset = dataset.filter(lambda x, y: y == 1)

# 범위로 생성
range_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.range(100)

# zip으로 결합
features_ds = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(X)
labels_ds = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(y)
combined_ds = tf.data.Dataset.zip((features_ds, labels_ds))

import tensorflow as tf
import os

# 디렉토리 구조: data/train/class_name/image.jpg
def load_and_preprocess_image(path, label, image_size=(224, 224)):
    image = tf.io.read_file(path)
    image = tf.image.decode_jpeg(image, channels=3)
    image = tf.image.resize(image, image_size)
    image = tf.cast(image, tf.float32) / 255.0
    return image, label

def create_image_dataset(data_dir, batch_size=32, image_size=(224, 224)):
    class_names = sorted(os.listdir(data_dir))
    class_map = {name: idx for idx, name in enumerate(class_names)}

    file_paths = []
    labels = []
    for class_name in class_names:
        class_dir = os.path.join(data_dir, class_name)
        for fname in os.listdir(class_dir):
            if fname.endswith(('.jpg', '.jpeg', '.png')):
                file_paths.append(os.path.join(class_dir, fname))
                labels.append(class_map[class_name])

    path_ds = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(file_paths)
    label_ds = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(labels)
    combined = tf.data.Dataset.zip((path_ds, label_ds))

    dataset = combined.map(
        lambda p, l: load_and_preprocess_image(p, l, image_size),
        num_parallel_calls=tf.data.AUTOTUNE
    )
    dataset = dataset.shuffle(1000).batch(batch_size).prefetch(tf.data.AUTOTUNE)
    return dataset, class_names

# keras 내장 image_dataset_from_directory 사용 (더 편리)
# train_ds = keras.utils.image_dataset_from_directory(
#     'data/train',
#     image_size=(224, 224),
#     batch_size=32
# )

import tensorflow as tf

# TFRecord 파일 작성
def bytes_feature(value):
    if isinstance(value, type(tf.constant(0))):
        value = value.numpy()
    return tf.train.Feature(bytes_list=tf.train.BytesList(value=[value]))

def int64_feature(value):
    return tf.train.Feature(int64_list=tf.train.Int64List(value=[value]))

def float_feature(value):
    return tf.train.Feature(float_list=tf.train.FloatList(value=[value]))

def image_to_tfrecord(image_path, label, writer):
    image_string = open(image_path, 'rb').read()
    feature = {
        'image': bytes_feature(image_string),
        'label': int64_feature(label),
    }
    example = tf.train.Example(features=tf.train.Features(feature=feature))
    writer.write(example.SerializeToString())

# TFRecord 파일 읽기
def parse_tfrecord(serialized_example):
    feature_description = {
        'image': tf.io.FixedLenFeature([], tf.string),
        'label': tf.io.FixedLenFeature([], tf.int64),
    }
    example = tf.io.parse_single_example(serialized_example, feature_description)
    image = tf.image.decode_jpeg(example['image'], channels=3)
    image = tf.image.resize(image, [224, 224])
    image = tf.cast(image, tf.float32) / 255.0
    label = example['label']
    return image, label

# TFRecord Dataset 생성
# dataset = tf.data.TFRecordDataset(['data.tfrecord'])
# dataset = dataset.map(parse_tfrecord, num_parallel_calls=tf.data.AUTOTUNE)
# dataset = dataset.shuffle(1000).batch(32).prefetch(tf.data.AUTOTUNE)

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
import os

# ModelCheckpoint: 최적 모델 저장
checkpoint_cb = keras.callbacks.ModelCheckpoint(
    filepath='best_model.keras',
    monitor='val_accuracy',
    mode='max',
    save_best_only=True,
    verbose=1
)

# EarlyStopping: 과적합 방지
early_stopping_cb = keras.callbacks.EarlyStopping(
    monitor='val_loss',
    patience=10,
    restore_best_weights=True,
    verbose=1
)

# ReduceLROnPlateau: 학습률 자동 감소
reduce_lr_cb = keras.callbacks.ReduceLROnPlateau(
    monitor='val_loss',
    factor=0.5,
    patience=5,
    min_lr=1e-7,
    verbose=1
)

# TensorBoard: 시각화
tensorboard_cb = keras.callbacks.TensorBoard(
    log_dir='logs/',
    histogram_freq=1,
    write_graph=True,
    write_images=True,
    update_freq='epoch'
)

# LearningRateScheduler: 학습률 스케줄링
def cosine_decay_schedule(epoch, lr):
    import math
    initial_lr = 1e-3
    total_epochs = 100
    return initial_lr * (1 + math.cos(math.pi * epoch / total_epochs)) / 2

lr_scheduler_cb = keras.callbacks.LearningRateScheduler(
    cosine_decay_schedule, verbose=1
)

# CSV로 로그 저장
csv_logger_cb = keras.callbacks.CSVLogger('training_log.csv')

# 커스텀 콜백
class ConfusionMatrixCallback(keras.callbacks.Callback):
    def __init__(self, validation_data, class_names):
        super().__init__()
        self.X_val, self.y_val = validation_data
        self.class_names = class_names

    def on_epoch_end(self, epoch, logs=None):
        y_pred = tf.argmax(self.model.predict(self.X_val), axis=1)
        cm = tf.math.confusion_matrix(self.y_val, y_pred)
        if epoch % 10 == 0:
            print(f"\n에포크 {epoch} 혼동 행렬:\n{cm.numpy()}")


# 모든 콜백을 하나의 리스트로
callbacks = [
    checkpoint_cb,
    early_stopping_cb,
    reduce_lr_cb,
    tensorboard_cb,
    csv_logger_cb
]

# 사용 예시
# history = model.fit(
#     X_train, y_train,
#     epochs=100,
#     validation_data=(X_val, y_val),
#     callbacks=callbacks
# )

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
import time

# 간단한 분류 모델
model = keras.Sequential([
    keras.layers.Dense(64, activation='relu', input_shape=(784,)),
    keras.layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'),
    keras.layers.Dense(10)
])

# 손실 함수와 옵티마이저
loss_fn = keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True)
optimizer = keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=1e-3)

# 메트릭
train_loss = keras.metrics.Mean(name='train_loss')
train_accuracy = keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy(name='train_accuracy')
val_loss = keras.metrics.Mean(name='val_loss')
val_accuracy = keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy(name='val_accuracy')

# 단일 훈련 스텝
@tf.function  # JIT 컴파일로 속도 향상
def train_step(images, labels):
    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
        predictions = model(images, training=True)
        loss = loss_fn(labels, predictions)
        # L2 정규화 추가
        l2_loss = tf.add_n([tf.nn.l2_loss(v) for v in model.trainable_variables
                            if 'bias' not in v.name])
        total_loss = loss + 1e-4 * l2_loss

    gradients = tape.gradient(total_loss, model.trainable_variables)
    # 그래디언트 클리핑
    gradients, _ = tf.clip_by_global_norm(gradients, 1.0)
    optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables))

    train_loss.update_state(loss)
    train_accuracy.update_state(labels, predictions)
    return loss

@tf.function
def val_step(images, labels):
    predictions = model(images, training=False)
    loss = loss_fn(labels, predictions)
    val_loss.update_state(loss)
    val_accuracy.update_state(labels, predictions)

# 전체 훈련 루프
def train(train_ds, val_ds, epochs=10):
    for epoch in range(epochs):
        start_time = time.time()

        # 메트릭 초기화
        train_loss.reset_states()
        train_accuracy.reset_states()
        val_loss.reset_states()
        val_accuracy.reset_states()

        # 훈련
        for step, (images, labels) in enumerate(train_ds):
            train_step(images, labels)
            if step % 100 == 0:
                print(f"스텝 {step}: 손실={train_loss.result():.4f}")

        # 검증
        for images, labels in val_ds:
            val_step(images, labels)

        elapsed = time.time() - start_time
        print(f"에포크 {epoch+1}/{epochs} ({elapsed:.1f}s) - "
              f"손실: {train_loss.result():.4f}, "
              f"정확도: {train_accuracy.result():.4f}, "
              f"검증 손실: {val_loss.result():.4f}, "
              f"검증 정확도: {val_accuracy.result():.4f}")

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras

# 다중 GPU 전략
strategy = tf.distribute.MirroredStrategy()
print(f"사용 가능한 디바이스 수: {strategy.num_replicas_in_sync}")

with strategy.scope():
    # 모델 정의, 컴파일은 strategy.scope() 안에서
    model = keras.Sequential([
        keras.layers.Dense(64, activation='relu', input_shape=(784,)),
        keras.layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'),
        keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')
    ])
    model.compile(
        optimizer='adam',
        loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
        metrics=['accuracy']
    )

# 배치 크기는 GPU 수에 비례하여 증가
BATCH_SIZE_PER_REPLICA = 64
BATCH_SIZE = BATCH_SIZE_PER_REPLICA * strategy.num_replicas_in_sync

# TPU 사용
# resolver = tf.distribute.cluster_resolver.TPUClusterResolver()
# tf.config.experimental_connect_to_cluster(resolver)
# tf.tpu.experimental.initialize_tpu_system(resolver)
# tpu_strategy = tf.distribute.TPUStrategy(resolver)

# 혼합 정밀도 훈련 (Mixed Precision)
from tensorflow.keras import mixed_precision
policy = mixed_precision.Policy('mixed_float16')
mixed_precision.set_global_policy(policy)

with strategy.scope():
    inputs = keras.Input(shape=(784,))
    x = keras.layers.Dense(64, activation='relu')(inputs)
    # 마지막 출력은 float32로
    outputs = keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax', dtype='float32')(x)
    model_mp = keras.Model(inputs, outputs)

    opt = keras.optimizers.Adam(1e-3)
    opt = mixed_precision.LossScaleOptimizer(opt)

    model_mp.compile(
        optimizer=opt,
        loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
        metrics=['accuracy']
    )

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
import datetime
import numpy as np

# 로그 디렉토리
log_dir = "logs/fit/" + datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d-%H%M%S")

# 콜백 설정
tensorboard_callback = keras.callbacks.TensorBoard(
    log_dir=log_dir,
    histogram_freq=1,     # 가중치 히스토그램 주기
    write_graph=True,     # 계산 그래프 기록
    write_images=True,    # 가중치 이미지 기록
    update_freq='epoch',  # 업데이트 주기
    profile_batch=2       # 프로파일링 배치
)

# 커스텀 스칼라 기록
file_writer = tf.summary.create_file_writer(log_dir + '/custom_scalars')

def log_custom_metrics(epoch, logs):
    with file_writer.as_default():
        tf.summary.scalar('learning_rate',
                          data=keras.backend.get_value(model.optimizer.lr),
                          step=epoch)

lr_callback = keras.callbacks.LambdaCallback(on_epoch_end=log_custom_metrics)

# 이미지 기록
def log_images(epoch, logs):
    # 테스트 이미지 가져오기
    (_, _), (x_test, y_test) = keras.datasets.mnist.load_data()
    x_test = x_test[:10].reshape(-1, 28, 28, 1).astype('float32') / 255.0

    with file_writer.as_default():
        tf.summary.image("테스트 샘플", x_test, step=epoch, max_outputs=10)

image_callback = keras.callbacks.LambdaCallback(on_epoch_end=log_images)

# TensorBoard 시작 명령어
# tensorboard --logdir logs/fit

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
import os
import numpy as np
from tensorboard.plugins import projector

# 임베딩 레이어 학습 후 시각화
(x_train, y_train), _ = keras.datasets.mnist.load_data()
x_train = x_train.astype('float32').reshape(-1, 784) / 255.0

# 임베딩 모델
embedding_model = keras.Sequential([
    keras.layers.Dense(64, activation='relu', input_shape=(784,)),
    keras.layers.Dense(32, name='embedding')  # 임베딩 레이어
])

# 임베딩 추출
embeddings = embedding_model.predict(x_train[:1000])

# 임베딩 파일 저장
log_dir = 'logs/embedding'
os.makedirs(log_dir, exist_ok=True)
np.savetxt(os.path.join(log_dir, 'vectors.tsv'), embeddings, delimiter='\t')

# 메타데이터 (레이블)
with open(os.path.join(log_dir, 'metadata.tsv'), 'w') as f:
    for label in y_train[:1000]:
        f.write(f"{label}\n")

# Projector 설정
config = projector.ProjectorConfig()
embedding_config = config.embeddings.add()
embedding_config.tensor_name = "embedding/.ATTRIBUTES/VARIABLE_VALUE"
embedding_config.tensor_path = 'vectors.tsv'
embedding_config.metadata_path = 'metadata.tsv'
projector.visualize_embeddings(log_dir, config)

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras

# 모델 저장
model.save('saved_model/my_model')

# 로드
loaded_model = keras.models.load_model('saved_model/my_model')

# HDF5 형식 (레거시)
model.save('my_model.h5')
loaded_h5 = keras.models.load_model('my_model.h5')

# 가중치만 저장/로드
model.save_weights('model_weights.h5')
model.load_weights('model_weights.h5')

# Keras 네이티브 형식 (권장)
model.save('my_model.keras')
loaded_keras = keras.models.load_model('my_model.keras')

# 서브클래싱 모델의 경우 get_config 구현 필요
class MyModel(keras.Model):
    def __init__(self, units):
        super().__init__()
        self.units = units
        self.dense = keras.layers.Dense(units)

    def call(self, inputs):
        return self.dense(inputs)

    def get_config(self):
        return {'units': self.units}

    @classmethod
    def from_config(cls, config):
        return cls(**config)